Table 2.
Cytokine levels in detergent-treated sEV from HNSCC patients and HDs.
| Protein | Patients, N (%) ≥ LLOQ (Ntotal = 30) | HDs, N (%) ≥ LLOQ (Ntotal = 10) | Patients, mean (± sd) | HDs, mean (± sd) | P valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| APRIL | 29 (96.7) | 9 (90) | 633.7 ( ± 1186.52) | 15.47 ( ± 24.94) | 0.003 |
| BAFF | 7 (23.3) | 0 (0) | 2.2 ( ± 1.4) | ND | |
| BCL (CXCL13) | 29 (96.7) | 9 (90) | 68.57 ( ± 350.81) | 1.55 ( ± 1.48) | 0.35 |
| CD30 | 30 (100) | 9 (90) | 17.17 ( ± 54.38) | 22.63 ( ± 59.42) | 0.24 |
| CD40L | 30 (100) | 9 (90) | 56.66 ( ± 139.14) | 52.31 ( ± 99.39) | 0.34 |
| ENA-78 (CXCL5) | 25 (83.3) | 7 (70) | 0.03 ( ± 0.05) | 0.005 ( ± 0.005) | 0.02 |
| Eotaxin (CCL11) | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 0.44 ( ± 1.31) | 1.82 ( ± 0.83) | <.0001 |
| Eotaxin-2 (CCL24) | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 13.7 ( ± 12.29) | 28.24 ( ± 12.39) | 0.002 |
| Eotaxin-3 (CCL26) | 19 (63.3) | 5 (50) | 0.38 ( ± 0.62) | 0.03 ( ± 0.03) | 0.02 |
| FGF-2 | 22 (73.3) | 5 (50) | 0.04 ( ± 0.07) | 0.005 ( ± 0.004) | 0.01 |
| Fractalkine (CX3CL1) | 27 (90) | 9 (90) | 15.34 ( ± 25.98) | 0.45 ( ± 0.35) | 0.002 |
| G-CSF (CSF-3) | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 0.4 ( ± 0.58) | 0.13 ( ± 0.15) | 0.02 |
| GM-CSF | 26 (86.7) | 8 (80) | 0.49 ( ± 0.91) | 0.51 ( ± 1.09) | 0.33 |
| GRO alpha (CXCL1) | 14 (46.7) | 0 (0) | 0.09 ( ± 0.09) | ND | |
| HGF | 29 (96.7) | 10 (100) | 0.37 ( ± 0.38) | 0.22 ( ± 0.16) | 0.38 |
| IFNa | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 0.04 ( ± 0.04) | 0.02 ( ± 0.02) | 0.052 |
| IFNg | 21 (70) | 3 (30) | 3.73 ( ± 5.11) | 0.35 ( ± 0.13) | 0.07 |
| IL-10 | 5 (16.7) | 1 (10) | 0.12 ( ± 0.13) | 0.73 ( ± 0) | 0.23 |
| IL-12p70 | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 0.1 ( ± 0.29) | 0.03 ( ± 0.03) | 0.04 |
| IL-13 | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 0.05 ( ± 0.06) | 0.02 ( ± 0.02) | 0.2 |
| IL-15 | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 4.03 ( ± 19.65) | 2.22 ( ± 5.05) | 0.58 |
| IL-16 | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 0.07 ( ± 0.05) | 0.04 ( ± 0.02) | 0.007 |
| IL-17a (CTLA-8) | 17 (56.7) | 4 (40) | 71.33 ( ± 279.71) | 1.71 ( ± 2.44) | 0.93 |
| IL-18 | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 0.09 ( ± 0.08) | 0.06 ( ± 0.05) | 0.13 |
| IL-1a | 29 (96.7) | 7 (70) | 7.61 ( ± 14.6) | 3.03 ( ± 7.01) | 0.08 |
| IL-1b | 22 (73.3) | 1 (10) | 0.21 ( ± 0.32) | 0.05 ( ± 0) | 0.71 |
| IL-2 | 29 (96.7) | 9 (90) | 6.74 ( ± 32.21) | 0.65 ( ± 1.38) | 0.52 |
| IL-20 | 30 (100) | 9 (90) | 3.4 ( ± 9.83) | 2.7 ( ± 5.42) | 0.14 |
| IL-21 | 28 (93.3) | 9 (90) | 612.78 ( ± 1228.1) | 5.47 ( ± 10.33) | 0.002 |
| IL-22 | 28 (93.3) | 9 (90) | 82.16 ( ± 153.16) | 1.98 ( ± 3.5) | 0.0004 |
| IL-23 | 3 (10) | 0 (0) | 7.29 ( ± 9.6) | ND | |
| IL-27 | 23 (76.7) | 5 (50) | 16.76 ( ± 42.84) | 1.7 ( ± 1.18) | 0.7 |
| IL-2R | 15 (50) | 1 (10) | 12.1 ( ± 16.77) | 0.01 ( ± 0) | 0.13 |
| IL-3 | 29 (96.7) | 9 (90) | 74.59 ( ± 151.66) | 26.31 ( ± 72.27) | 0.02 |
| IL-31 | 11 (36.7) | 0 (0) | 7.66 ( ± 16.56) | ND | |
| IL-4 | 13 (43.3) | 0 (0) | 1.83 ( ± 2.57) | ND | |
| IL-5 | 9 (30) | 2 (20) | 3.17 ( ± 7.09) | 1.24 ( ± 1.15) | 0.91 |
| IL-6 | 28 (93.3) | 8 (80) | 5.35 ( ± 26.92) | 0.12 ( ± 0.2) | 0.21 |
| IL-7 | 28 (93.3) | 10 (100) | 0.09 ( ± 0.28) | 0.08 ( ± 0.18) | 0.38 |
| IL-8 | 21 (70) | 3 (30) | 7.36 ( ± 31.2) | 0.78 ( ± 0.51) | 0.6 |
| IL-9 | 20 (66.7) | 0 (0) | 0.24 ( ± 0.79) | ND | |
| IP-10 | 26 (86.7) | 0 (0) | 1.98 ( ± 7.28) | ND | |
| I-TAC (CXCL11) | 29 (96.7) | 9 (90) | 6259.65 ( ± 26683.78) | 44.63 ( ± 117.18) | 0.055 |
| LIF | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 0.66 ( ± 2.82) | 0.09 ( ± 0.07) | 0.46 |
| MCP-1 | 4 (13.3) | 3 (30) | 0.06 ( ± 0.05) | 0.03 ( ± 0.02) | 1 |
| MCP-2 | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 0.09 ( ± 0.22) | 0.31 ( ± 0.73) | 0.25 |
| MCP-3 | 30 (100) | 9 (90) | 9.5 ( ± 44.45) | 1.21 ( ± 2.67) | 0.04 |
| M-CSF | 6 (20) | 0 (0) | 5.03 ( ± 3.88) | ND | |
| MDC | 28 (93.3) | 8 (80) | 5.44 ( ± 9.88) | 1.04 ( ± 1.01) | 0.003 |
| MIF | 30 (100) | 9 (90) | 0.1 ( ± 0.1) | 0.27 ( ± 0.19) | 0.004 |
| MIG | 23 (76.7) | 3 (30) | 1042.18 ( ± 1678.7) | 1.57 ( ± 2.19) | 0.03 |
| MIP-1a | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 1.18 ( ± 2.22) | 1.73 ( ± 2.35) | 0.41 |
| MIP-1b | 28 (93.3) | 10 (100) | 3.11 ( ± 4.76) | 1.7 ( ± 4.61) | 0.008 |
| MIP-3a | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 1.2 ( ± 2.4) | 0.36 ( ± 0.4) | 0.09 |
| MMP-1 | 18 (60) | 10 (100) | 0.14 ( ± 0.12) | 0.47 ( ± 0.44) | 0.01 |
| NGFb | 18 (60) | 1 (10) | 0.32 ( ± 0.43) | 0.02 ( ± 0) | 0.17 |
| SCF | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 0.03 ( ± 0.03) | 0.01 ( ± 0.009) | 0.07 |
| SDF-1a | 26 (86.7) | 7 (70) | 23586.44 ( ± 73394.65) | 327.73 ( ± 765.69) | 0.01 |
| TNFa | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 0.12 ( ± 0.25) | 0.05 ( ± 0.07) | 0.17 |
| TNFb | 7 (23.3) | 0 (0) | 7.84 ( ± 18.11) | ND | |
| TNFRII | 29 (96.7) | 10 (100) | 5.76 ( ± 9.17) | 3.34 ( ± 9.57) | 0.03 |
| TRAIL | 22 (73.3) | 7 (70) | 83.17 ( ± 136.2) | 94.9 ( ± 229) | 0.12 |
| TSLP | 30 (100) | 9 (90) | 62.81 ( ± 198.44) | 58.41 ( ± 147.88) | 0.2 |
| TWEAK | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 3431.98 ( ± 13531.36) | 7344.54 ( ± 14747.09) | 0.48 |
| VEGF-A | 30 (100) | 10 (100) | 194.21 ( ± 390.15) | 111.65 ( ± 328.85) | 0.006 |
aWilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. ND not detected.