Table 5.

GRM— monotonicity, item fit, and local dependence testing

Growth	Mon.	S-χ2 test	Q3 test
	H	RMSEA	Item 11	Item 13	Item 15	Item 21	Item 28	Item 31	Item 38
Item 11	.52	.030	1.000
Item 13	.53	.029	−.142	1.000
Item 15	.49	.041	−.1951	−.086	1.000
Item 21	.54	.028	−.1811	−.1911	−.1951	1.000
Item 28	.51	.069	−.2101	−.146	−.054	−.1671	1.000
Item 31	.52	.057	−.155	−.1781	−.141	−.122	−.079	1.000
Item 38	.46	.057	−.060	−.1961	−.146	−.163	−.155	−.042	1.000
	Mon.	S-χ2 test	Q3 test
Pessimism	H	RMSEA	Item 4	Item 20	Item 22	Item 26	Item 34
Item 4	.35	.024	1.000
Item 20	.39	.012	−.127	1.000
Item 22	.35	.021	−.106	−.2561,2	1.000
Item 26	.35	.024	−.207	−.2681,2	−.117	1.000
Item 34	.36	.021	−.2422	−.203	−.187	−.106	1.000
	Mon.	S-χ2 test	Q3 test
Flexibility	H	RMSEA	Item 5	Item 18	Item 24	Item 32
Item 5	.45	.021	1.000
Item 18	.50	.028	−.165	1.000
Item 24	.54	.030	−.182	−.228	1.000
Item 32	.54	.027	−.175	−.2922	−.3501,2	1.000

n = 2023, Mon. monotonicity, ¹item pairs with residual correlation above |1/(L-1)|, ²item pairs with residual correlation above .224