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. 2024 May 13;3(2):176–206. doi: 10.1002/mlf2.12112

Table 4.

The detection methods of main Fusarium mycotoxins.

Detection method Time (min)
Mycotoxin Chromatography Immunoassay Biosensor Matrix Sample preparation method Preparation Assay LOD (ppb) Specificity Ref.
FB1 LC‐MS/MS Corn SLE 92 21 8 [104]
Corn SLE 120 30 100 [105]
Corn SLE 100 15 3 [106]
Peanut SLE 120 30 5 [105]
Pistachio SLE 120 30 10 [105]
Wheat SLE 120 30 10 [105]
Wheat SLE 100 15 0.5 [106]
Raisin SLE 120 30 5 [105]
HPLC‐MS/MS Wheat flour SLE >65 30 12 [107]
Wheat flour SPE >30 0.01 [108]
Corn SPE >11 25 0.64 [109]
HPLC‐FLD Corn SLE >15 50 [110]
Tortilla, masa, corn SLE >45 25 [111]

Canned sweet corn,

fresh sweet corn, corn grits,

corn flour, cornflakes

 SLE 180 25 29.2 [112]
Cereal foods IAC 20 14.6 [113]
UPLC‐MS/MS Alpinia oxyphylla SLE 35 32 0.2 [114]
Corn QuEChERS 60 25 6.3 [115]
ELISA Corn SLE 15 1110 8 224% and 73% CRs with FB2 and FB3 [110]

Corn and corn

related samples

 SLE 50 960 1 5% CR with T‐2 [116]
Corn SPE 120 0.19 6.89% and 2.93% CRs with FB2 and FB3 [117]
Corn SLE 40 915 1.15 60.4% CR with FB2 [118]
Corn, feedstuff, wheat SLE 10 730 1.18 The negligible CRs with FB2, OTA, ZEA, DON, and AFB1 [119]
LFI Corn SLE 15 10 25 No CRs with ZEA, DON, OTA, AFB1, and FB1 [120]
Corn SLE 30 10 0.5 No CRs with AFM1, DON, FB2, T‐2, and FB3 [121]
Feed SLE 30 10 1.94 AFM1, DON, FB2, T‐2, and FB3 did not interfere with the detection of FB1 [121]
Corn, wheat SLE 15 5 20 AFB1, ZEA, and OTA did not interfere with the detection of FB1 [122]
Chinese traditional medicine SLE 25 5 5 No CRs with AFB1, ZEA, and OTA [123]
MIP‐ELISA Corn SLE 1445 1.9 × 10−3 The negligible CRs with FB2, AFB1, CIT, ZEA, and DON [124]
MIP‐EC biosensor Corn SLE 6 8.89 × 10−6 The negligible CRs with AFB1, CIT, DON, and ZEA [125]
MIP‐ECL biosensor Milk, corn LLE, SLE 30 15 3.5 × 10−4

The negligible ECL signals of OTA, OTB, DON, CS, LAC,

DA, and NE

 [126]
MIP‐PEC biosensor Milk, corn LLE, SLE 30 20 4.7 × 10−3 The negligible photocurrents of OTA, OTB, DON, ZEA, PAT, Glu, and starch [127]
EC immunosensor Corn SLE 20 40 4.2 No response for DON [128]
Corn IAC 180 0.002 The peak currents caused by ZEA, OTA, and DON showed a comparable pattern to that observed in the control sample [129]
EC aptasensor Beer 10 2.6 × 10−4 The peak current of OTA, ZEA, and AFB1 was higher significantly than FB1 [130]
Rice SLE 45 8.7 × 10−5 The obvious differences of ECL signals between FB1 and AFB1, AFB2, DON, OTA, ZEA [131]
Colorimetric signal aptasensor Corn, wheat SLE 25 30 0.024 Effectively avoiding interferences of FB2, AFB1, DON, ZEA, and T‐2 [132]
ECL aptasensor Wheat SLE 0.27 The obvious differences of ECL signal between FB1 and OTA, AFT, l‐cys, l‐Hcys [133]
DON GC‐MS Wheat SPE 90 24.2 3 [134]
LC‐MS/MS Corn QuEChERS 13 44 739 [135]
Corn SLE 120 30 50 [105]
Corn SLE 100 15 8 [106]
Peanut SLE 120 30 75 [105]
Pistachio SLE 120 30 50 [105]
Wheat SLE 120 30 20 [105]
Wheat SLE 100 15 35 [106]
Raisin SLE 120 30 9 [105]
UPLC‐MS/MS Alpinia oxyphylla SLE 35 32 6 [114]
Corn SPE 26 9 0.1 [136]
Oat SPE 26 9 0.12 [136]
Corn QuEChERS 60 25 3.2 [115]
HPLC‐MS/MS Wheat flour SLE >65 30 5.1 [107]
Corn SPE >11 25 0.29 [109]
HPLC‐FLD Wheat IAC 21.7 [137]
Corn IAC 14.08 [137]
HPLC‐PDA Cereal foods IAC 30 15.5 [113]
ELISA Wheat SLE >15 45 0.62 4.7% CR with 3ADON [138]
Cereals and cereal products SLE 20 790 4.9 5.7% CR with 3ADON [139]
Rice SLE 20 300 0.94 [140]
Rice, corn, flour, feed SLE 45 835 0.2 80.34%, 2.17%, and 2.74% CRs with 3ADON, 15ADON, and FUS‐X [141]
LFI Corn, wheat SLE 7 5 100

No CRs for multianalysis of

DON and ZEA

 [142]
Corn, wheat SLE 15 5 5 AFB1, ZEA, and OTA did not interfere with the detection of DON [122]
Corn, wheat SLE >8 10 50 400%, 1.6%, and 4.3% CRs with 15ADON, 3ADON, and NIV [143]
Chinese traditional medicine SLE 25 5 5 NO CRs with AFB1, ZEA, and OTA [123]
Rice, corn SLE 45 15 12.5 80.34%, 2.17%, and 2.74% CRs with 3ADON,15ADON, and FUS‐X [141]
SPR immunosensor Corn, wheat SLE 45 20 3.26 16.2% CR with 15ADON [144]
EC immunosensor Wheat SLE 30 13 342.4 221% CR with 3ADON [145]
MIP‐EC biosensor Corn SLE 25 15 0.3 Compared to OTA, FB1, FB2, NIV, and ZEA, MIP sensor showed higher recognition selectivity toward DON [146]
Wheat flour SLE 40 6.5 0.021 The ΔI after incubation in DON is exhibited higher than that in ascorbic acid, Cu2+, Glu, glutamic acid, OTA, K+, Na+, Mg2+, sucrose, and ZEA [147]
MIP‐SPR biosensor Standard substance 1 19% and 44% selectivity efficiencies with 3ADON and 15ADON [148]
SERS aptasensor Corn flour, peanut oil, pure milk LLE, SLE >40 40 3.2 × 10−5 The obvious differences of SERS signal between DON and AFB1, OTA, FB1, T‐2, and ZEA [149]
Wheat flour SLE 15 40 0.06 The obvious differences of SERS signal between DON and ZEA, OTA, AFB1, T‐2, FB1 [150]
FL aptasensor Corn flour SLE 30 45 1.87 The restored FL intensity of DON showed a significantly higher value compared to AFB1, OTA, T‐2, and ZEA [151]
Wheat flour SLE 15 40 0.08 The obvious differences of FL signals between DON and ZEA, OTA, AFB1, T‐2, FB1 [150]
EC aptasensor Corn flour SLE 45 90 6.9 × 10−6 The obvious differences of current between DON and ZEA, T‐2, AFB1, FB1 [152]
ZEA LC‐MS/MS Peanut SLE 120 30 5 [105]
Pistachio SLE 120 30 10 [105]
Corn silage QuEChERS 13 44 9 [135]
Wheat SLE 120 30 5 [105]
Wheat SLE 100 15 1 [106]
Corn SLE 120 30 10 [105]
Corn SLE 100 15 0.5 [106]
Raisin SLE 120 30 2 [105]
LC‐FLD Corn ASE 13 15 6 [153]
Wheat ASE 13 15 6 [153]
Rice ASE 13 15 5 [153]
Barley ASE 13 15 3 [153]
UPLC‐MS/MS Alpinia oxyphylla SLE 35 32 0.3 [114]
Corn QuEChERS 60 25 2.5 [115]
HPLC‐MS/MS Wheat flour SLE >65 30 1.6 [107]
Wheat SPE 90 24.2 2 [134]
Wheat flour QuEChERS 65.5 17 17.9 [154]
Corn SPE >11 25 0.22 [109]
HPLC‐FLD Wheat IAC 1.12 [137]
Wheat, corn flakes, bread SLE 23 20 2 [155]
Corn IAC 1.06 [137]
Rice, wheat, oat, barley, corn IAC 0.5 No interference from foreign peaks was observed at the retention times of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTA, and ZEA for the analytes [156]
ELISA Corn, corn noodles, corn cookies SLE 10 860 0.1 4.1%, 189.1%, and 43.9% CRs with α‐ZAL, β‐ZAL, and β‐ZEL [157]
Corn SLE >8 195 0.13 The negligible CRs with AFB1, DON, OTA, and T‐2 [158]
Rice, barley, corn SLE >30 140 0.15 121.5%, 65.3%, 21.5%, and 18.9% CRs with α‐ZAL, β‐ZAL, α‐ZEL, and β‐ZEL [159]

Soybean meal, silage, sorghum, corn, distillers dried grains

with soluble, total mixed ration

 SLE 45 300 0.06 The CRs of less than 11% and less than 1% with zearalanone and ZAL [160]
LFI Corn SLE 30 11 3.6 The negligible CR with CIT, OTA, DON, FB1, and AFB1 [161]
Corn, wheat SLE 7 5 6

No CRs for multianalysis of

DON and ZEA

 [142]

Soybean meal, silage, sorghum, corn, distillers dried grains

with soluble, total mixed ration

 SLE 45 5 10 The CRs of less than 11% and less than 1% with zearalanone and ZAL [160]
SPR immunosensor Wheat SLE 45 20 7.07 15.3% and 11.5% CRs with α‐ZEL and β‐ZEL [144]
OWLS immunosensor Corn SLE 20 2 × 10−6 25.2%,12.8%, and 2.7% CRs with α‐ZEL, α‐ZAL, and β‐ZAL [162]
EC immunosensor Standard substance 30 1.9 × 10−3 Less than 2.4% CRs with both DON and T‐2. [163]

MIP‐SPR

biosensor

 Corn 40 0.3 15%, 21%, 25%, and 27% selectivity efficiencies with α‐ZEL, β‐ZEL, α‐ZAL, zearalanone and α‐ZAL [164]

MIP‐ FL

biosensor

 Corn 5 35%, 3%, and 4% CRs with ZOL, OTA, and AFB1. [165]

MIP‐ EC

biosensor

 Corn SLE 5 15 0.2 10%, 9%, 7%, 10%, and 14% CRs with NIV, OTA, FB1, FB2, and DON. [166]
EC aptasensor Beers 1.7 × 10−4 No obvious change of current with AFT, α‐ZAL, β‐ZAL, β‐ZEL, and OTA [167]
SERS aptasensor Corn SLE 20 210 6.4 × 10−3 The negligible Raman signal intensities with AFB1, OTA, DON, and FB1. [168]
FL aptasensor Corn SLE 30 150 0.126 The negligible fluorescent‐signal changes with α‐ZEL, β‐ZEL, ZEA‐4‐G, ZEA‐4‐S, AFB1, AFB2, OTA, FB1, and FB2 [169]
Beer 150 0.007 The negligible fluorescent‐signal changes with α‐ZEL, β‐ZEL, ZEA‐4‐G, ZEA‐4‐S, AFB1, AFB2, OTA, FB1, and FB2 [169]

3ADON, 3‐acetyldeoxynivalenol; 15ADON; 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol; AFB: aflatoxin B; AFG, Aflatoxin G; AFT, aflatoxin; ASE, accelerated solvent extraction; CR, cross‐reactivity; CS, casein; DA, dopamine; EC:electrochemical; ECL, electrochemiluminescence; ELISA: enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; FL: fluorescence; FLD, fluorescence detection; GC, gas chromatography; HPLC, high‐performance liquid chromatography; FUS‐X: fusarenon X; Glu, glucose; IAC: immunoaffinity column; L‐cys, L‐cystein; L‐Hcys, L‐homocysteine; LAC, lactose; LC, liquid chromatography; LFI: lateral flow immunoassay; LLE: liquid–liquid extraction; MIP: molecularly imprinted polymer; MS, mass spectrometers; MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry; NE, norepinephrine; OTA, ochratoxin A; OTB, ochratoxin B; OWLS, optical waveguide light‐mode spectroscopy; PAT, patulin; PDA,photodiode array; PEC, photoelectrochemical; QuEChERS: quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe; SERS: surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy; SLE: solid–liquid extraction; SPE, solid phase extraction; SPM, sample preparation methods; SPR: surface plasmon resonance; UPLC, ultra‐performance liquid chromatography; ZEA‐4‐S, zearalenone‐4‐sulfate.