Table 2.
Characteristics of persons with type 2 diabetes and DR
| Characteristics | Total (N = 98) | Control (n = 49) | Experiment (n = 49) | Statistical value | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| f (%) | f (%) | f (%) | |||
| Gender | 0.667a | 0.414 | |||
| Male | 56 (57.1) | 30 (61.2) | 26 (53.1) | ||
| Female | 42 (42.9) | 19 (38.8) | 23 (46.9) | ||
| Age (years) | Mean =55.45, SD = 8.33 (range = 32-69) | Mean = 55.35, SD = 8.91 (range = 32-69) | Mean = 55.55, SD = 7.79 (range = 42-69) | -0.121t | 0.904 |
| 30-49 | 24 (24.5) | 11 (22.4) | 13 (26.5) | 0.221a | 0.638 |
| 50-69 | 74 (75.51) | 38 (77.6) | 36 (73.5) | ||
| Marital status | 2.262a | 0.133 | |||
| Married | 78 (79.6) | 42 (85.7) | 36 (73.5) | ||
| Single/ divorced | 20 (20.4) | 7 (14.3) | 13 (26.5) | ||
| Education | 4.690a | 0.096 | |||
| Primary/Secondary | 39 (39.8) | 24 (49.0) | 15 (30.6) | ||
| Vocational/High | 28 (28.6) | 14 (28.6) | 14 (28.6) | ||
| Vocational | |||||
| Bachelor/ Postgraduate | 31 (31.6) | 11 (22.4) | 20 (40.8) | ||
| Received DR education | 373a | 0.41 | |||
| No | 55 (56.1) | 29 (59.2) | 26 (53.1) | ||
| Yes | 43 (43.9) | 20 (40.8) | 23 (46.9) | ||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) (Kg/m2) | Mean = 27.37, SD = 5.056 (range = 32-69) | Mean = 26.72, SD = 5.26 (range = 32-69) | Mean = 28.02, SD = 4.82 (range = 32-69) | -1.276t | 0.205 |
| 18.5 -22.9 | 18 (18.4) | 12 (24.5 | 6 (12.2) | 2.721a | 0.437 |
| 23-24.9 | 16 (16.3) | 8 (16.3) | 8 (16.3) | ||
| 25-29.9 | 38 (38.8) | 18 (36.7) | 20 (40.8) | ||
| ≥30 | 26 (26.5) | 11 (22.4) | 15 (30.6) | ||
| Duration of diabetes (years) | Mean =11.80, SD = 7.69 (range = 1-35) | Mean = 12.99, SD = 8.27 (range = 1-35) | Mean = 10.62, SD = 6.96 (range = 1-35) | 1.534t | 0.128 |
| 1-5 | 29 (29.6) | 12 (24.5) | 17 (34.7) | 3.231a | 0.52 |
| 6-10 | 23 (23.5) | 12 (24.5) | 11 (22.4) | ||
| 11-15 | 19 (19.4) | 9 (18.4) | 10 (20.4) | ||
| 16-20 | 16 (16.3) | 8 (16.3) | 8 (16.3) | ||
| >20 | 11 (11.2) | 8 (16.3) | 3 (6.1) | ||
| HbA1c (%) | Mean = 9.067, SD = 2.06 (range = 7-15.3) | Mean = 8.92, SD = 2.004 (range= 7-15.3) | Mean = 9.26, SD = 2.13 (range=7-15.3) | -0.713t | 0.478 |
| 7.0-8.0 | 40 (40.8) | 21 (42.9) | 19 (38.8) | 0.754a | 0.686 |
| 8.1-9.0 | 32 (32.7) | 14 (28.6) | 18 (36.7) | ||
| >9.0 | 26 (26.5) | 14 (28.6) | 12 (24.5) | ||
| Systemic Comorbidities | 0.344a | 0.558 | |||
| No | 3 (3.1) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (4.1) | ||
| Yes | 95 (96.9) | 48 (98.0) | 47(95.9) | ||
| Cataract | 0.043a | 0.836 | |||
| No | 39 (39.8) | 19 (38.8) | 20 (40.8) | ||
| Yes | 59 (60.2) | 30 (61.2) | 29 (59.2) | ||
| Duration of DR (years) | Mean = 1.913, SD = 2.76 (range = 0.01-12) | Mean = 1.96, SD = 2.84 (range = 0.01-12) | Mean = 1.869, SD = 2.72 (range = 0.01-12) | 0.153t | 0.879 |
| <1 | 44 (44.9) | 21 (42.9) | 23 (46.9) | 0.424a | 0.809 |
| 1-5 | 42 (42.9) | 21 42.9) | 21 (42.9) | ||
| >5 | 12 (12.2) | 7 (14.3) | 5 (10.2) | ||
| DR severity: Right Eye | 2.381b | 0.702 | |||
| No DR | - | - | - | ||
| Mild NPDR | 31 (31.6) | 17 (34.7) | 14 (28.6) | ||
| Moderate NPDR | 47 (48.0) | 22 (44.9) | 25 (51.0) | ||
| Severe NPDR | 9 (9.2) | 3 (6.1) | 6 (12.2) | ||
| PDR | 6 (6.1) | 4 (8.2) | 2 (4.1) | ||
| Non-specified due to CRVO | 5 (5.1) | 3 (6.1) | 2 (4.1) | ||
| DR severity: Left Eye | 3.793b | 0.624 | |||
| No DR | 1 (1.02) | 1 (2.1) | - | ||
| Mild NPDR | 28 (28.6) | 16 (32.7) | 12 (24.5) | ||
| Moderate NPDR | 48 (49.0) | 20 (40.8) | 28 (57.1) | ||
| Severe NPDR | 10 (10.2) | 5 (10.2) | 5 (10.2) | ||
| PDR | 8 (8.2) | 5 (10.2) | 3 (6.1) | ||
| Non-specified due to CRVO | 3 (3.1) | 2 (4.1) | 1 (2.0) | ||
| DR severity in the better eye | 0.887a | 0.642 | |||
| Mild NPDR | 35 (35.7) | 20 (40.8) | 15 (30.2) | ||
| Moderate NPDR | 51 (52.1) | 24 (49.0) | 27 (55.1) | ||
| Severe NPDR | 2 (12.2) | 5 (10.2) | 7 (14.3) | ||
| VA in the better eye (LogMAR) | Mean = 0.96, SD = 0.120 (range = 0.00-0.60) | Mean = 0.108, SD = 0.133 (range = 0.00-0.60) | Mean = 0.83, SD = 0.104 (range = 0.00-0.50) | 1.010t | 0.315 |
| None (0.00-0.40) | 96 (97.96) | 48 (97.96) | 48 (97.96) | 4.718b | 0.635 |
| Mild-moderate VI (0.50 - <1.0) | 2 (4.08) | 1 (2.04) | 1 (2.04) | ||