TABLE 5.

Selected control measures (a full list is available in EFSA PLH Panel, 2018) for pest entry/establishment/spread/impact in relation to currently unregulated hosts and pathways. Control measures are measures that have a direct effect on pest abundance.

Control measure/risk reduction option (Blue underline = Zenodo doc, Blue = WIP)	RRO summary	Risk element targeted (entry/establishment/spread/impact)
Require pest freedom	Plant or plant product comes from country officially free from pest, Pest free area, Pest free place of production (e.g. place of production and its immediate vicinity is free from pest over an appropriate time period, e.g. since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation, or past 2 or 3 cycles). Pest free production site	Entry/Spread
Growing plants in isolation	As a pest that is so polyphagous, it will be difficult to grow plants outdoors that are isolated from other potential hosts. However, if plants can be grown in physical protection, e.g. within a secure/insect proof glasshouse then some protection can be provided	Entry/Spread
Managed growing conditions	Mass trapping (30 traps per hectare) can reduce adult abundance by 72% and in combination with a chemical lure can reduce adult abundance by 90% (Chen et al., 2014)	Entry/Spread
Use of resistant and tolerant plant species/varieties	Field trials and laboratory assays have revealed significant variation in susceptibility of Betula spp., Glycine max, Tilia spp. and Ulmus spp. to the related species P. japonica (Potter & Held, 2002). It is possible that plants resistant or tolerant to P. japonica could also be resistant or tolerant to P. quadriguttata	Entry/Establishment/Impact
Roguing and pruning	Roguing is defined as the removal of infested plants and/or uninfested host plants in a delimited area, whereas pruning is defined as the removal of infested plant parts only without affecting the viability of the plant	Entry/Spread/Impact
Biological control and behavioural manipulation	In laboratory trials the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora provided 95% mortality against P. quadriguttata larvae; when applied at a rate of 2.24 × 109 infective juvenile nematodes ha−1 on a golf course infested by P. quadriguttata and two other species of scarab, scarab larval numbers were reduced by 39% compared to samples from control areas (Choi et al., 2006) Mass trapping using a chemical lure could be useful in monitoring and eradication of P. quadriguttata in Europe (Chen et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2014)	Impact
Chemical treatments on crops including reproductive material	In the US, insecticides have been applied to the foliage and flowers of susceptible plants to target and manage adults of the closely related pest P. japonica (Potter & Held, 2002). It is possible that the same insecticides could be effective against P. quadriguttata. However, Chen et al. (2013) reports P. quadriguttata is resistant to unspecified insecticides	Entry/Establishment/Impact
Chemical treatments on consignments or during processing	Use of chemical compounds that may be applied to plants or to plant products after harvest, during process or packaging operations and storage The treatments addressed under this measure are: fumigation; spraying/dipping pesticides; surface disinfectants; process additives; protective compounds	Entry/Spread
Physical treatments on consignments or during processing	This measure deals with the following categories of physical treatments: irradiation/ionisation; mechanical cleaning (brushing, washing); sorting and grading, and; removal of plant parts (e.g. debarking wood). It does not address: heat and cold treatment, or roguing and pruning Brushing and washing could help remove eggs, larvae and pupae from root vegetables but no literature to support this view was found	Entry/Spread
Cleaning and disinfection of facilities, tools and machinery	This category covers physical and chemical cleaning and disinfection of facilities, tools, machinery, transport means, facilities and other accessories (e.g. boxes, pots, pallets, palox, supports, hand tools). The measures addressed are washing, sweeping and fumigation Infested soil could carry eggs, larvae and pupae so should be cleaned from tools and machinery. Adults are known to hitchhike and so could be transported, e.g. in packing boxes. Cleaning the packaging (boxes) may help	Entry/Spread
Limits on soil	Plants, plant products other pathway agents (e.g. used farm machinery) to be free from soil or growing medium; Growing medium is pest free, e.g. the growing medium is free from soil and organic matter and had not been previously used for growing plants or for any other agricultural purposes, or was composed entirely of peat or fibre, or was subjected to effective fumigation or heat treatment or subjected to effective systems approach to ensure freedom from pests; Consignment or lot does not contain more than 1% by net weight of soil and growing medium	Entry/Spread
Soil treatment	Eggs, larvae and pupae develop in the soil and efforts targeting the soil could be considered. In the USA, large amounts of pesticides are applied to grassland to manage the related pest P. japonica (USDA/APHIS, 2015)	Entry/Establishment/Impact
Waste management	Consignments intercepted with P. quadriguttata should be disposed of appropriately	Establishment/Spread
Heat and cold treatments	Controlled temperature treatments aim to kill or inactivate pests without causing any unacceptable prejudice to the treated material itself. The measures addressed here are: autoclaving; steam; hot water; hot air; cold treatment Heat and cold treatments can often be effective against insects but no data regarding the thermal tolerance of this species was found in the literature hence designing and specifying a treatment regime would not seem appropriate	Entry/Spread
Conditions of transport	Specific requirements for mode and timing of transport of commodities to prevent escape of the pest and/or contamination. physical protection of consignment timing of transport/trade	Entry/Spread
Controlled atmosphere	Treatment of plants by storage in a modified atmosphere (including modified humidity, O2, CO2, temperature, pressure)	Entry/Spread (via commodity)
Post‐entry quarantine and other restrictions of movement in the importing country	This measure covers post‐entry quarantine (PEQ) of relevant commodities; temporal, spatial and end‐use restrictions in the importing country for import of relevant commodities; Prohibition of import of relevant commodities into the domestic country ‘Relevant commodities’ are plants, plant parts and other materials that may carry pests, either as infection, infestation, or contamination	Establishment/Spread