Figure 5.

VIE visualisation of coronary stents in comparison with CCTA and ICA.

(A): A case of true negative results for both CCTA and VIE. A 45-year-old female with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus and has a metallic stent (arrow) placed in the left anterior descending artery. Both CCTA and VIE (left and middle images) showed patency of the stent without in-stent restenosis, and this was confirmed by ICA (arrow) (right image). (B): Another case of true positive result for both CCTA and VIE. A 57-year-old man with hypertension and obesity and with a total calcium score of 1125. A metallic stent was placed in the left circumflex artery. Both CCTA and VIE (left and middle images) showed in-stent restenosis at the distal edge of the stent (arrow). This was confirmed by ICA with 88% stenosis (arrow in right image). Reprinted with permission under open access from Wu et al.^[64] CCTA: coronary computed tomography angiography; ICA: invasive coronary angiography; VIE: virtual intravascular endoscopy.