Table 5.
Definition of pro-WEAI indicators by type of agency measured.
| Pro-WEAI Measure | Binary indicator | Continuous indicator |
|---|---|---|
| Pro-WEAI component indicators | ||
| Intrinsic agency | ||
| Defined as adequate if: | ||
| Autonomy in income | More motivated by own values than by coercion or fear of others' disapproval: Relative Autonomy Index score ≥ 1. RAI score is calculated by summing responses to the three vignettes about a person's motivation for how they use income generated from agricultural and non-agricultural activities (yes = 1; no = 0), using the following weighting scheme: 0 for vignette 1 (no alternative), −2 for vignette 2 (external motivation), −1 for vignette 3 (introjected motivation), and +3 for vignette 4 (autonomous motivation) | RAI score (ranging from 3 to −3) |
| Self-efficacy | ‘‘Agree” or greater on average with self-efficacy questions: New General Self-Efficacy Scale score ≥ 32 | Self-efficacy scale score (ranges from 8 to 40) |
| Attitudes about IPV against women | Believes husband is NOT justified in hitting or beating his wife in all 5 scenarios: 1) She goes out without telling him; 2) She neglects the children; 3) She argues with him; 4) She refuses to have sex with him; 5) She burns the food | Number of situations in which violence is not justified |
| Respect among household members | Meets ALL the following conditions related to their spouse, the other respondent, or another household member: 1) Respondent respects relation (MOST of the time) AND 2) Relation respects respondent (MOST of the time) AND 3) Respondent trusts relation (MOST of the time) AND 4) Respondent is comfortable disagreeing with relation (MOST of the time) | Number of conditions met from the following: 1) Respondent respects relation (MOST of the time); 2) Relation respects respondent (MOST of the time); 3) Respondent trusts relation (MOST of the time); 4) Respondent is comfortable disagreeing with relation (MOST of the time) |
| Instrumental agency | ||
| Defined as adequate if: | ||
| Input in productive decisions | Meets at least ONE of the following conditions for ALL the agricultural activities they participate in: 1) makes related decision solely; 2) makes the decision jointly and has at least some input into the decisions; 3) feels could make decision if wanted to (to at least a MEDIUM extent) | Number of types of agricultural and non-agricultural activities for which the respondent makes decision solely, makes decision jointly and has at least some in input in the decisions, or feels could make decision |
| Ownership of land and other assets | Owns, either solely or jointly, at least ONE of the following: 1) At least THREE small assets (poultry, nonmechanized equipment, or small consumer durables); 2) At least TWO large assets; 3) Land | Number of asset types (including agricultural land) solely or jointly owned |
| Access to and decisions on financial services | Meets at least ONE of the following conditions: 1) Belongs to a household that used a source of credit in the past year AND participated in at least ONE sole or joint decision about it; 2) Belongs to a household that did not use credit in the past year but could have if wanted to from at least ONE source; 3) Has access, solely or jointly, to a financial account | Number of types of credit sources in which respondent participates in at least one sole or joint decision, plus access to sole or joint financial account |
| Control over use of income | Has input in decisions related to how to use BOTH income and output from ALL the agricultural activities they participate in AND has input in decisions related to income from ALL non-agricultural activities they participate in, unless no decision was made | Number of types of activities in which respondent has some control over use of income |
| Work balance | Works less than 10.5 h per day: Workload = time spent in primary activity + (1/2) time spent in childcare as a secondary activity | Time spent on paid and unpaid work, plus 0.5 x time spent on childcare as a secondary activity |
| Visiting important locations | Meets at least ONE of the following conditions: Visits at least TWO locations at least ONCE PER WEEK of [city, market, family/relative], or 2) Visits least ONE location at least ONCE PER MONTH of [health facility, public meeting] | Number of types of important locations visited |
| Collective agency | ||
| Group membership | Active member of at least ONE group | Number of types of groups of which the respondent is an active member |
| Membership in influential groups | Active member of at least ONE group that can influence the community to at least a MEDIUM extent | Number of types of groups of which the respondent is an active member and which the respondent regards as influential |
| Aggregate measures | ||
| Five Domains of Empowerment Index (5DE) (A-WEAI) or Three Domains of Empowerment Index (3DE) | Whether empowered: if individual achieves at least an empowerment score of 80% (A-WEAI) or 75% (pro-WEAI) | Empowerment score |
| Gender Parity Index (GPI) | Whether household achieves gender parity: woman's empowerment score is greater than or equal to the empowerment score of the male decision maker in her household. | Intrahousehold inequality score (men's empowerment score minus women's empowerment score) |
Notes: There is a slight discrepancy in the definitions for the binary and continuous indicator for “input in productive decisions.” Projects calculated the original version of the binary indicator, which only included agricultural activities, whereas the continuous indicator was based on a revised version of the indicator, which includes both agricultural and non-agricultural activities. See Seymour et al. (2023) for more detail.
Source: Binary indicators: Malapit et al. (2019); continuous indicators: Authors.