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. 2024 Jun 28;19:89. doi: 10.1186/s13000-024-01519-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Representative microphotographs of the deposits in the heart. (a–c, e) Phenol Congo red (CR) staining under bright field observation (a, b, e, f) and polarized light observation (c). (d, f) Immunohistochemistry for Igλ. (a) Left ventricle. (b–d) Epicardium. (e, f) Sinoatrial node and surrounding atrial tissue. (a) CR-positive deposits are observed in the interstitium and vessels in the left ventricle. (b) More CR-positive deposits are observed in the epicardium than in the myocardium, and lymphoid cell infiltration is also observed. (c) The deposits exhibit apple-green birefringence under polarized light. (d) The amyloid deposits are positive for Igλ. (e, f) Amyloid deposits are observed in the interstitium of the sinoatrial node and show immunoreactivity for Igλ. Scale bars: 200 μm