TABLE 1.
Participants' basic characteristics by treatment group.
| Basic index | All | T2DM + liraglutide | T2DM + non‐liraglutide | Non‐T2DM | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 59.0 (66.0–73.0) | 56.0 (62.5–67.3) | 64.0 (69.5–77.3) | 58.3 (66.0–73.8) | 0.001 |
| Sex (M/F) | 171/29 | 44/2 | 34/8 | 93/19 | 0.079 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 (21.9–26.1) | 24.2 (22.0–26.4) | 23.2 (21.9–25.4) | 23.9 (21.7–26.3) | 0.536 |
| AMI‐related index | |||||
| STEMI/NSTEMI | 137/63 | 36/10 | 27/15 | 74/38 | 0.261 |
| Killip (n, %) | <0.001 | ||||
| 1 | 167 (83.5) | 34 (73.9) | 35 (83.3) | 98 (87.5) | |
| 2 | 17 (8.5) | 7 (15.2) | 4 (9.5) | 6 (5.4) | |
| 3 | 3 (1.5) | 2 (4.4) | 3 (7.1) | 1 (0.9) | |
| 4 | 13 (6.5) | 3 (6.5) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (6.3) | |
| EF (%) | 56.0 (51.0–60.0) | 54.5 (48.0–58.0) | 55.5 (47.8–61.0) | 56.0 (52.0–60.5) | 0.228 |
| Combined diseases (n, %) | |||||
| HTN | 129 (64.5) | 36 (78.3) | 34 (81.0) | 59 (52.7) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 14 (10.9) | 5 (13.9) | 4 (11.8) | 5 (8.5) | |
| 2 | 48 (37.2) | 16 (44.4) | 9 (26.5) | 23 (39.0) | |
| 3 | 67 (51.9) | 15 (41.7) | 21 (61.8) | 31 (52.5) | |
| HF | 15 (7.5) | 2 (4.4) | 4 (9.5) | 9 (8.0) | 0.621 |
| AF | 12 (6.0) | 3 (6.5) | 4 (9.5) | 5 (4.5) | 0.493 |
| CI | 11 (5.5) | 3 (6.5) | 3 (7.1) | 5 (4.5) | 0.763 |
| ICH | 1 (0.5) | 1 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.186 |
| CKD | 16 (8.0) | 9 (19.6) | 4 (9.5) | 3 (2.7) | 0.002* |
| T2DM‐related index | |||||
| FBG at admission a (mmol/L) | 6.44 (5.33–8.24) | 9.19 (7.56–11.04) | 7.83 (5.88–9.55) | 5.57 (4.97–6.50) | <0.001 b |
| 2hPBG (mmol/L) | 10.33 | 15.67 | 13.03 | 8.05 | <0.001 b |
| (7.73–14.54) | (12.39–17.66) | (10.31–15.47) | (6.79–10.05) | ||
| C‐peptide (nmol/L) | 1.20 (0.89–1.79) | 1.28 (0.82–1.82) | 1.15 (0.82–2.01) | 1.19 (0.95–1.71) | 0.958 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.20 (5.73–7.48) | 8.40 (7.15–9.85) | 7.35 (6.60–8.03) | 5.80 (5.60–6.15) | <0.001 b |
| First diagnosis (n, %) | 9 (21.4) | 10 (21.7) | ‐ | ||
| Diabetes history (n, %) | 37 (78.6) | 32 (78.3) | ‐ | ||
| Mean duration of diabetes (years) | 9.0 (1.1–12.8) | 10.0 (7.0–20.0) | ‐ | ||
| FBG before discharge c (mmol/L) | ‐ | 7.50 (6.50–9.03) | 7.65 (6.43–9.05) | ‐ | 0.851 |
| Hypoglycemia (n, %) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Medications (n, %) | |||||
| Antiplatelet drugs | 185 (92.5) | 44 (95.7) | 37 (88.1) | 104 (92.9) | 0.396 |
| Statin | 191 (95.5) | 44 (95.7) | 39 (92.9) | 107 (95.5) | 0.532 |
| ARNI | 139 (69.5) | 45 (97.8) | 31 (73.8) | 70 (62.5) | 0.035 |
| Beta‐blocker | 135 (67.5) | 31 (67.4) | 27 (64.3) | 77 (68.8) | 0.87 |
| 11.88 mg/day | 65 (48.1) | 11 (35.5) | 13 (48.1) | 41 (53.2) | |
| 23.75 mg/day | 51 (37.8) | 13 (41.9) | 9 (33.3) | 29 (37.7) | |
| 35.63 mg/day | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.3) | |
| 47.5 mg/day | 15 (11.1) | 4 (12.9) | 5 (18.5) | 6 (7.8) | |
| 95 mg/day | 3 (2.2) | 3 (9.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Mean beta‐blocker dosage (mg/day) d | 11.88 (0.00‐23.75) | 11.88 (0.00–23.75) | 11.88 (0.00–23.75) | 11.88 (0.00–23.73) | 0.596 |
| Liraglutide dosage | |||||
| 0.6 mg/day | ‐ | 33 (71.7) | ‐ | ‐ | |
| 1.2 mg/day | ‐ | 9 (19.6) | ‐ | ‐ | |
| 1.8 mg/day | ‐ | 4 (8.7) | ‐ | ‐ | |
| Mean liraglutide dosage (mg/day) | 0.82 | ||||
| Hospital costs (¥) | 47 672 | 51 473 | 47 582 | 46 988 | 0.464 |
| (36123–73 787) | (36819–89 539) | (37542–73 929) | (34709–71 460) | ||
| Hospital stay (days) | 11 (9–14.8) | 12 (9–16.3) | 12 (9–15.3) | 11 (9–14) | 0.269 |
Note: Data are expressed as median (range 25%–75%) or number (%).
Abbreviations: 2hPBG, 2‐h postprandial blood glucose; AF, atrial fibrillation; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; ARNI, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; BMI, body mass index; CI, cerebral infarction; CKD, chronic kidney disease; EF, ejection fraction; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HF, heart failure; HTN, hypertension; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; NSTEMI, non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI, ST‐elevation myocardial infarction; T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Measured with venous blood at admission.
The t test result was obtained from the comparison between the T2DM + liraglutide group and T2DM + non‐liraglutide group.
Measured with capillary blood glucose before discharge.
Standardized beta‐blocker dosage at discharge: normalized to succinate metoprolol if the patients used bisoprolol (10 mg bisoprolol was equal to 190 mg succinate metoprolol in this study). 19