Table 2.
The surgical details of the included studies
| Study | Surgical Approach | Indication | Coracoid Graft Fixation | Prior Procedures in the Salvage LP Group, n/N | Glenoid Bone Loss, Mean ± SD or Mean (Range), % | Hill-Sachs Lesions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Salvage | ||||||
| Ranalletta, 2018 [27] | Open LP | Competitive rugby players who had a glenoid bone defect greater than 20% shown on the preoperative computed tomography scan. | 2 partially threaded cortical screws (3.5-mm diameter) |
Open Bankart repair: 6/31 Arthroscopic Bankart repair: 25/31 Number of previous operations, mean (range): 1.2 (1–3) |
28 (20–36) | NR | |
| Rossi, 2018 [28] | Open LP | Competitive athletes who had a glenoid bone defect greater than 20% shown on the preoperative computed tomography scan prior to the LP. | 2 partially threaded cannulated cortical screws (3.5 mm diameter) |
Open Bankart repair: 10/68 Arthroscopic Bankart repair: 44/68 Revision arthroscopic Bankart repair: 14/68 Number of previous operations, mean (range):1.26 (1–3) |
25(20–36) | 26(20–38) | NR |
| Flinkkilä, 2019 [22] | Open LP |
Primary LP: participation in contact or collision sports, or a glenoid or humeral bony defect that was considered a contraindication for Bankart repair. Salvage LP: a failed arthroscopic Bankart repair, regardless of the bony pathology. |
Two 4.5 mm cannulated screws |
Number of previous arthroscopic Bankart repairs (n/N) 1: 44/52 2: 7/52 3: 1/52 |
21 ± 8 * | 24 ± 9 * |
Off-track/on-track, n1/n2 Primary: 14/33 * Salvage: 27/25 * The width of Hill–Sachs interval, mm Primary: 13 ± 9 * Salvage: 17 ± 9 * |
| Buckup, 2020 [24] | Arthroscopic LP | A pre-operative unidirectional traumatic anterior shoulder instability Gerber type IIB, a high level of athletic performance, and an ISIS score of ≧ 4. | 2 titanium screws | NR | NR | NR | |
| Frantz, 2020 [34] | Open LP | NR | NR | NR |
Range, %: n/total 0: 9/65 1–10: 6/65 11–20: 31/65 21–30: 19/65 |
NR | |
| Updegrove, 2020 [35] | Open LP | NR | 2 screws | NR | 25.9 ± 6.6 | 23.6 ± 9.0 | NR |
| Werthel, 2020 [29] |
Mini-open/ arthroscopic LP |
NR | Two 4-mm/3.5-mm cannulated cancellous screws | Arthroscopic Bankart repair: 20/20 |
The presence of glenoid lesion, n/N Primary: 163/216 Salvage: 12/20 |
The presence of Hill-Sachs lesions, n/N Primary: 163/216 * Salvage: 9/20 * |
|
| Yapp, 2020 [26] | Open LP |
Primary LP: evidence of significant glenoid bone loss measuring greater than 20%; arthroscopic evidence of an engaging Hill–Sachs lesion when the arm was placed in 90° abduction and external rotation. Salvage LP: failure of a previous open or arthroscopic soft-tissue stabilization procedure for recurrent anterior traumatic instability. |
Two fully threaded 3.5 mm lag screws |
Arthroscopic stabilization: 45/60 Open stabilization, e.g., Bankart repair: 15/60 |
NR | NR | |
| Davey, 2021 [25] | Open LP | Based on patients’ risk factors, including age, sport played and level of sport, the presence of off-track Hill-Sachs lesions, and the percentage of glenohumeral bone loss. | 2 standard 3.5 mm, partially threaded cancellous screws | NR | 12.2 ± 8.1 * | 17.6 ± 8.5 * |
Off-track/on-track, n1/n2 Primary: 68/82 Salvage: 20/30 |
| Rodkey, 2021 [21] | Open LP |
Primary LP: anterior instability and > 15–20% bone loss. Salvage LP: recurrent anterior instability after previous failed attempts, any amount of bone loss, or arthroscopic evidence of engaging Hill-Sachs lesion. |
NR | Number of previous operations, mean (range): 1.4 (1–5) | NR | NR | |
| Gambhir, 2022 [36] | Open LP |
Primary LP: instability arising from critical bone loss. Salvage LP: failed arthroscopic instability repair. |
2 screws | NR | 17 ± 7.9 | 15 ± 5.9 |
Off-track/on-track, n1/n2 Primary: 26/28 Salvage: 9/14 The depth of Hill-Sachs lesions, mean ± SD, mm Primary: 4.8 ± 2.8 Salvage: 4.6 ± 2.6 |
| Alfaraidy, 2023 [37] | Open LP |
Primary LP: a diagnosis of recurrent anterior shoulder instability, with isolated glenoid bone loss greater than 20% on preoperative CT en face view, or combined bone defects on the glenoid and the humeral head (‘‘bipolar lesion’’). Salvage LP: failure of prior treatment with soft tissue repair procedure. |
2 cannulated 4.0- or 4.5-mm partially threaded cancellous screws | NR | NR | NR | |
LP: Latarjet procedure; NR: not reported; n: number; N: the sample sizes of the respective groups; mm: millimeter; Statistically significant differences observed between the two groups are denoted by asterisks