Table 2.

Risk of bias assessment for included before-after studies

		YingWu et al	Dong et al	Shaw et al
Questions	1. Was the study question or objective clearly stated?	Yes	Yes	Yes
	2. Were eligibility/selection criteria for the study population prespecified and clearly described?	Yes	Yes	Yes
	3. Were the participants in the study representative of those who would be eligible for the test/service/intervention in the general or clinical population of interest?	No	Yes	No
	4. Were all eligible participants that met the prespecified entry criteria enrolled?	Cannot determine	Cannot determine	Cannot determine
	5. Was the sample size sufficiently large to provide confidence in the findings?	No	Yes	No
	6. Was the test/service/intervention clearly described and delivered consistently across the study population?	Yes	Yes	Yes
	7. Were the outcome measures prespecified, clearly defined, valid, reliable, and assessed consistently across all study participants?	Yes	Yes	Yes
	8. Were the people assessing the outcomes blinded to the participants’ exposures/interventions?	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable
	9. Was the loss to follow-up after baseline 20% or less? Were those lost to follow-up accounted for in the analysis?	Yes	Yes	No
	10. Did the statistical methods examine changes in outcome measures from before to after the intervention? Were statistical tests done that provided p values for the pre-to-post changes?	Yes	Yes	Yes
	11. Were outcome measures of interest taken multiple times before the intervention and multiple times after the intervention (i.e., did they use an interrupted time-series design?)	No	No	No
	12. If the intervention was conducted at a group level (e.g., a whole hospital, a community, etc.) did the statistical analysis take into account the use of individual-level data to determine effects at the group level?	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable
	Quality rating	Poor	Poor	Poor