Table 1.

Studies on etiopathogenesis of gall bladder cancer

Serial No.	Sample size	Findings	Ref.
1	GBC (214) controls (214)	Biomass burning was recognized as a significant risk factor for GBC	Shridhar et al[20]
2	GBC (200); Gall stone disease (200) controls (200)	Residence in the Gangetic belt, consumption of tea, tobacco, joint family structure, chemical exposure, fried food, and high levels of secondary bile salts are risk factors of GBC	Jain et al[21]
3	GBC (54)	Cholelithiasis is a predisposing factor for GBC	Bhattacharjee and Nanda[22]
4	GBC (1291)	Exposure to high soil arsenic levels and proximity to river ganga are risk factors for GBC	Madhawi et al[23]
5	GBC (333)	Smoking, cholelithiasis, alcohol consumption, typhoid in the past, post-menopausal women are risk factors for GBC	Tyagi et al[24]
6	GBC (63)	Poor hygiene and water supply, malnutrition, cholelithiasis, tobacco and alcohol consumption are modifiable risk factors for GBC	Khan et al[25]
7	GBC (122); controls (122)	Education, intake of vitamin C, parity, and type of fuel used were significant factors for GBC	Panda et al[26]
8	GBC (49)	About 75% of patients diagnosed with GSD showed detectable H. pylori DNA in their gallbladder tissue	Bansal et al[27]
9	GSD (330)	As the stone size increases, gallbladder mucosa changes progress from cholecystitis to carcinoma	Mathur et al[28]
10	GBC (n = 11), Chronic cholecystitis (n = 23), Xantho-granulomatous cholecystitis (n = 11)	The cholesterol content in gallstones of GBC was significantly lower compared to that in benign gallbladder diseases	Srivastava et al[29]
11	GBC (390)	Chronic bacterial infection of bile is considered an etiological factor in the development of gallbladder carcinoma	Sharma et al[30]
12	GSD (101)	H. pylori colonizes regions of gastric metaplasia within the gallbladder	Misra et al[31]
13	GBC (328); controls (328)	Females, consumption of mustard oil, Family history, low socioeconomic status and drinking water from hand pump were the risk factors for GBC	Kumar et al[32]
14	GBC (27), GSD (196)	High prevalence of salmonella typhi in gall bladder carcinoma	Vaishnavi et al[33]
15	GBC (38)	Higher levels of biliary nitrate associated with the gallbladder carcinogenesis	Shukla et al[34]
16	GBC (n = 30); controls (n = 30)	Decreased levels of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and vitamin E are associated with an increased risk of gallbladder carcinoma	Shukla et al[35]
17	GBC (n = 30); controls (n = 30)	Significantly high biliary benzene hexachloride and dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane associated with gallbladder carcinogenesis	Shukla et al[36]
18	150 GBC	Gall stones associated with development of metaplastic, dysplastic and neoplastic mucosal changes of gall bladder mucosa	Gupta et al[37]

GSD: Gallstone disease; GBC: Gallbladder cancer; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.