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. 2024 Jun 25;12:e17615. doi: 10.7717/peerj.17615

Table 1. Characteristics of the studies and exercise intervention included in this meta-analysis.

Study Population N. Age BMI(kg/m2) Intervention FGF21 (pg/mL) Second outcomes Exercise performance
Exercise type Duration Frequency Intensity
Banitalebi et al. (2019) T2D 52 C:17 T1:17 T2:18 49.7–62.1 24.3–33.64 T1: Con-E (AT (treadmill or cycle ergometer) +RT (8 motion)) T2: SIT exercise 10 W AT: 50 min/b RT: 12-10R for 2–3 sets SIT: 4b* 30s(), 3ds/w AT: 70% HRmax RT: NR SIT: All-out Serum C: 235.96 ± 69.74 T1:229.63 ± 94.89 T2:204.67 ± 111.36 BF% n.s. Weight↓, BMI↓, Insulin↓, HbA1c↓, HOMA-IR↓, FPG↓†† VO2 peak↑ for T1
Chang & Namkung (2021) Metabolic syndrome women 42 C:30 T:12 45.3–68.1 25.9–33.9 Combined endurance and strength exercise 12 W 50 min/b; 3dsw NR Serum C:219.7 ± 123.9 T:176.3 ± 107.4 BMI↓, WC↓,B F%↓ NR
Keihanian, Arazi & Kargarfard (2019) T2DM men 34 C:12 T1:11 T2:11 50.6–54.1 29.1–35.7 AT (running); RT (7 motion) 8 W AT: 30-45 min/b RT: 45 min/b, 3ds/w; AT: 75%–85% HRmax RT: 10RMmax Serum C:128.2 ± 1.9 T1:250.1 ± 6.7 T2:184 ± 4.6 FBS↓, Insulin↓, HbA1c↓, Cholesterol↓ Triglyceride↓, HDL↑, LDL↓, HOMA-IR↓†† VO2 peak for T1/T2↑; Strength performance for T1/T2↑
Kong et al. (2016) Obese women 18 C:10 T:8 17.8–22 23.8–28.6 AT (cycling) 5 W HIIT: 20 min/b MICT: 40 min/b; 4ds/w HIIT: 95% MICT: 65% V̇O2peak continuing training Serum C:0.6 ± 0.6 T:0.5 ± 0.4 Weight, BMI n.s. VO2 peak↑
Motahari Rad et al. (2020) T2DM men 51 C:17 T1:17 T2:17 41.7–47.7 27.8–31.3 AT+RT RT+AT RT: 6 motion AT: (walking/running by treadmill) 12 W RT: 8-10R for 3 sets AT:10 min; 3ds/w RT: 70–80% 1RMmax AT: 90–95% HRmax Serum C:510.9 ± 106.1 T1:441.7 ± 110 T2:449 ± 98.8 Body mass↓, BMI↓, HOMA-IR↓, HbA1c↓†† VO2 peak for T1/T2↑; UB strength/ LB strength for T1/T2↑
Pérez-López et al. (2021) Post/pre menopausal women with obesity 35 C:13 T1:10 T2:12 40.3–61.6 28.7–39.8 AT (running on a treadmill) RT(6 motion) Con-E(AT+RT) 12 W AT: 60 min/b RT:8-12R for 3 sets Con-E:20 min AT + 40 min RT, 3ds/w AT: 55–75%HRR RT: 65% 1RMmax Con-E: same as AT and RT Serum C:205.2 ± 64.35 T1:146.09 ± 56.96 T2:196.52 ± 80 Body mass n.s.; Glucose profile:(Glucose, insulin,HOMA-IR,HbA1c) n.s. Lipid profile:(Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL, LDL) n.s. BMI↓†† Body composition↓for AE NR
Saeidi et al. (2019) Postmenopausal women 24 C:12 T:12 51–63 25.4–30.1 RT (12 motion) 8 W 30s for each session, 3ds/w 55% 1RMmax. Plasma C:252.7 ± 5.5 T:281.6 ± 5.5 Body mass, BMI n.s. NR
Shabkhiz et al. (2021) Elderly men with/ without T2D 44 C1:12 C2:10 T1:12 T2:10 Without T2D: 66.78–77.38 With T2D: 71.85–73.05 Without T2D: 23.45–31.49 With T2D: 22.62–29.68 RT (7 motion) 12 W 10R/b for 3 sets, 3ds/w 70% 1RMmax Serum C1:285.05 ± 100.19 T1:253.24 ± 116.1 C2:403.22 ± 175.41 T2:324.07 ± 107.7 Weight, BMI, Insulin n.s. Glucose↓, HOMA-IR↓†† Leg press strength for both T1/T2↑
Takahashi et al. (2020) Patients with NAFLD 50 C:27 T:23 35.9–67.7 23.2–33.7 RT (push-ups and squats) 12 W 3 sets for 20–30 min/b; 3ds/w NR Serum C:184.6 ± 113.3 T:142.9 ± 105.9 BMI n.s. NR
Taniguchi et al. (2016) Elderly men 33 C:15 T:17 65.4–73.8 20.5–25.7 AT (cycling) 5 W 30 min for 1–2 week, 45 min for 3–5 min, 3ds/w 60%VO2max for first week, 70%VO2max for 2–3 week, 75%VO2max for 4-5 week. Serum C:255.9 ± 88.5 T:218.5 ± 65.1 BMI,BF%, FFA, Fasting insulin, HOMA-IR n.s. HbA1c↓ VO2 peak↑
Haghighi et al. (2022) overweight and obesity 30 C:10 T1:10 T2:10 30-45 29.41 ± 3.02 AT(running) RT(8 motion) 8W AT: 15 min per session, RT:50-60 min per session; both 3ds/w AT: 85–95% HRmax RT:85–95% 1RM Serum C: 300.1 ± 24.2 T1:371.1 ± 66.49 T2:380.9 ± 49.08 BMI n.s. Weight, FPB%↓†† VO2 peak –
Stine et al. (2023) NASH 24 C:8 T:16 25-69 32.8 ± 5.2 AT 20W 30 min per session, 5ds/w 45–55% VO2peak Serum C:320.06 ± 354.3 T:240.06 ± 351.7 BMI, WC, body fat n.s. Weight↓, HC↓ VO2 peak –

Notes.

AT
aerobic exercise
b
bout
BMI
body mass index
BF%
body fat percent
C
control group
Con-E
concurrent of aerobic and resistance exercise
d
day
F
female
FPG
fasting blood glucose
FBS
fasting blood sugar
DL
high-density lipoprotein
HIIT
high intensity interval training
HR
heart rate
HRR
heart rate reserve
LDL
low-density lipoprotein
MICT
moderate intensity continuous training
NAFLD
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
NASH
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
NR
not report
n.s.
no significant
RM
repetition maximum
RT
resistance exercise
SIT
sprint interval training
T2D
type 2 diabetes
T
training group
VO2 peak
maximal oxygen consumption
W
week
WC
waist circumference

T1 is significant.

††

T1/T2 are both significant (p < 0.05).