Table 1. Characteristics of the studies and exercise intervention included in this meta-analysis.
| Study | Population | N. | Age | BMI(kg/m2) | Intervention | FGF21 (pg/mL) | Second outcomes | Exercise performance | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise type | Duration | Frequency | Intensity | ||||||||
| Banitalebi et al. (2019) | T2D | 52 C:17 T1:17 T2:18 | 49.7–62.1 | 24.3–33.64 | T1: Con-E (AT (treadmill or cycle ergometer) +RT (8 motion)) T2: SIT exercise | 10 W | AT: 50 min/b RT: 12-10R for 2–3 sets SIT: 4b* 30s(), 3ds/w | AT: 70% HRmax RT: NR SIT: All-out | Serum C: 235.96 ± 69.74 T1:229.63 ± 94.89 T2:204.67 ± 111.36 | BF% n.s. Weight↓, BMI↓, Insulin↓, HbA1c↓, HOMA-IR↓, FPG↓†† | VO2 peak↑ for T1 |
| Chang & Namkung (2021) | Metabolic syndrome women | 42 C:30 T:12 | 45.3–68.1 | 25.9–33.9 | Combined endurance and strength exercise | 12 W | 50 min/b; 3dsw | NR | Serum C:219.7 ± 123.9 T:176.3 ± 107.4 | BMI↓, WC↓,B F%↓† | NR |
| Keihanian, Arazi & Kargarfard (2019) | T2DM men | 34 C:12 T1:11 T2:11 | 50.6–54.1 | 29.1–35.7 | AT (running); RT (7 motion) | 8 W | AT: 30-45 min/b RT: 45 min/b, 3ds/w; | AT: 75%–85% HRmax RT: 10RMmax | Serum C:128.2 ± 1.9 T1:250.1 ± 6.7 T2:184 ± 4.6 | FBS↓, Insulin↓, HbA1c↓, Cholesterol↓ Triglyceride↓, HDL↑, LDL↓, HOMA-IR↓†† | VO2 peak for T1/T2↑; Strength performance for T1/T2↑ |
| Kong et al. (2016) | Obese women | 18 C:10 T:8 | 17.8–22 | 23.8–28.6 | AT (cycling) | 5 W | HIIT: 20 min/b MICT: 40 min/b; 4ds/w | HIIT: 95% MICT: 65% V̇O2peak continuing training | Serum C:0.6 ± 0.6 T:0.5 ± 0.4 | Weight, BMI n.s. | VO2 peak↑ |
| Motahari Rad et al. (2020) | T2DM men | 51 C:17 T1:17 T2:17 | 41.7–47.7 | 27.8–31.3 | AT+RT RT+AT RT: 6 motion AT: (walking/running by treadmill) | 12 W | RT: 8-10R for 3 sets AT:10 min; 3ds/w | RT: 70–80% 1RMmax AT: 90–95% HRmax | Serum C:510.9 ± 106.1 T1:441.7 ± 110 T2:449 ± 98.8 | Body mass↓, BMI↓, HOMA-IR↓, HbA1c↓†† | VO2 peak for T1/T2↑; UB strength/ LB strength for T1/T2↑ |
| Pérez-López et al. (2021) | Post/pre menopausal women with obesity | 35 C:13 T1:10 T2:12 | 40.3–61.6 | 28.7–39.8 | AT (running on a treadmill) RT(6 motion) Con-E(AT+RT) | 12 W | AT: 60 min/b RT:8-12R for 3 sets Con-E:20 min AT + 40 min RT, 3ds/w | AT: 55–75%HRR RT: 65% 1RMmax Con-E: same as AT and RT | Serum C:205.2 ± 64.35 T1:146.09 ± 56.96 T2:196.52 ± 80 | Body mass n.s.; Glucose profile:(Glucose, insulin,HOMA-IR,HbA1c) n.s. Lipid profile:(Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL, LDL) n.s. BMI↓†† Body composition↓†for AE | NR |
| Saeidi et al. (2019) | Postmenopausal women | 24 C:12 T:12 | 51–63 | 25.4–30.1 | RT (12 motion) | 8 W | 30s for each session, 3ds/w | 55% 1RMmax. | Plasma C:252.7 ± 5.5 T:281.6 ± 5.5 | Body mass, BMI n.s. | NR |
| Shabkhiz et al. (2021) | Elderly men with/ without T2D | 44 C1:12 C2:10 T1:12 T2:10 | Without T2D: 66.78–77.38 With T2D: 71.85–73.05 | Without T2D: 23.45–31.49 With T2D: 22.62–29.68 | RT (7 motion) | 12 W | 10R/b for 3 sets, 3ds/w | 70% 1RMmax | Serum C1:285.05 ± 100.19 T1:253.24 ± 116.1 C2:403.22 ± 175.41 T2:324.07 ± 107.7 | Weight, BMI, Insulin n.s. Glucose↓, HOMA-IR↓†† | Leg press strength for both T1/T2↑ |
| Takahashi et al. (2020) | Patients with NAFLD | 50 C:27 T:23 | 35.9–67.7 | 23.2–33.7 | RT (push-ups and squats) | 12 W | 3 sets for 20–30 min/b; 3ds/w | NR | Serum C:184.6 ± 113.3 T:142.9 ± 105.9 | BMI n.s. | NR |
| Taniguchi et al. (2016) | Elderly men | 33 C:15 T:17 | 65.4–73.8 | 20.5–25.7 | AT (cycling) | 5 W | 30 min for 1–2 week, 45 min for 3–5 min, 3ds/w | 60%VO2max for first week, 70%VO2max for 2–3 week, 75%VO2max for 4-5 week. | Serum C:255.9 ± 88.5 T:218.5 ± 65.1 | BMI,BF%, FFA, Fasting insulin, HOMA-IR n.s. HbA1c↓† | VO2 peak↑ |
| Haghighi et al. (2022) | overweight and obesity | 30 C:10 T1:10 T2:10 | 30-45 | 29.41 ± 3.02 | AT(running) RT(8 motion) | 8W | AT: 15 min per session, RT:50-60 min per session; both 3ds/w | AT: 85–95% HRmax RT:85–95% 1RM | Serum C: 300.1 ± 24.2 T1:371.1 ± 66.49 T2:380.9 ± 49.08 | BMI n.s. Weight, FPB%↓†† | VO2 peak – |
| Stine et al. (2023) | NASH | 24 C:8 T:16 | 25-69 | 32.8 ± 5.2 | AT | 20W | 30 min per session, 5ds/w | 45–55% VO2peak | Serum C:320.06 ± 354.3 T:240.06 ± 351.7 | BMI, WC, body fat n.s. Weight↓, HC↓† | VO2 peak – |
Notes.
- AT
- aerobic exercise
- b
- bout
- BMI
- body mass index
- BF%
- body fat percent
- C
- control group
- Con-E
- concurrent of aerobic and resistance exercise
- d
- day
- F
- female
- FPG
- fasting blood glucose
- FBS
- fasting blood sugar
- DL
- high-density lipoprotein
- HIIT
- high intensity interval training
- HR
- heart rate
- HRR
- heart rate reserve
- LDL
- low-density lipoprotein
- MICT
- moderate intensity continuous training
- NAFLD
- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH
- Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
- NR
- not report
- n.s.
- no significant
- RM
- repetition maximum
- RT
- resistance exercise
- SIT
- sprint interval training
- T2D
- type 2 diabetes
- T
- training group
- VO2 peak
- maximal oxygen consumption
- W
- week
- WC
- waist circumference
†
T1 is significant.
††
T1/T2 are both significant (p < 0.05).