Table 3.

Linear mixed effects model to predict several clinical (SGRQ, 6MWT, FEV₁, FEV₁/FVC) and radiological (%Emphysema, %Air Trapping) dependent variables using the produced anomaly score as a predictor, for the COPDGene test cohort (n = 1310). Note: Models are adjusted for age, gender, BMI, smoking status, smoking duration, and a random term for the study site. This model was compared with a baseline model that omits the anomaly score. Conditional R² is adjusted for the number of regressors added. Bold values indicate a greater R² per dependent variable. p-values are reported per model and for the comparison between them and are corrected for multiple comparisons. * %Emphysema and %Air Trapping were skewed, so a log transformation was applied

Dependent variable	Predictor	Adjusted conditional R2	p-value
SGRQ	Age, gender, BMI, smoking status, smoking duration, (center)	0.24	p < .001	p < .001
	Age, gender, BMI, smoking status, smoking duration, anomaly score, (center)	0.36	p < .001
6MWT	Age, gender, BMI, smoking status, smoking duration, (center)	0.41	p < .001	p < .001
	Age, gender, BMI, smoking status, smoking duration, anomaly score, (center)	0.45	p < .001
FEV1	Age, gender, BMI, smoking status, smoking duration, (center)	0.22	p < .001	p < .001
	Age, gender, BMI, smoking status, smoking duration, anomaly score, (center)	0.49	p < .001
FEV1/FVC	Age, gender, BMI, smoking status, smoking duration, (center)	0.26	p < .001	p < .001
	Age, gender, BMI, smoking status, smoking duration, anomaly score, (center)	0.54	p < .001
Emphysema % *	Age, gender, BMI, smoking status, smoking duration, (center)	0.38	p < .001	p < .001
	Age, gender, BMI, smoking status, smoking duration, anomaly score, (center)	0.54	p < .001
Air Trapping % *	Age, gender, BMI, smoking status, smoking duration, (center)	0.33	p < .001	p < .001
	Age, gender, BMI, smoking status, smoking duration, anomaly score, (center)	0.58	p < .001

R², overall conditional coefficient of determination; BMI, body mass index; SGRQ, St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire; 6MWT, 6-min walking test; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FEV₁/FVC, FEV₁-to-forced vital capacity ratio