Table 1.
Recent examples of upregulated miRNA expression in human PDAC
| miRNA | Targeted mRNA | Functional analysis | Associated signalling pathway/process | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -21 | ARHGAP24 | Promotes proliferation and cell cycle progression, inhibits apoptosis in vitro | Predicted changes in Rho GTPase pathway [not experimentally validated] | [32] |
| Spry2 | Promotes tumour growth in vivo, enhances proliferation in vitro | Validated upregulation in MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt pathways | [33] | |
| -30b-5p | GJA1 | Promotes angiogenesis in hypoxic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo | Predicted changes in gap junction communication [not experimentally validated] | [34] |
| -135a/b | PFK1 | Promotes cancer cell survival with glutamine deprivation in vitro and in vivo | Validated downregulation in aerobic glycolysis | [35] |
| -194-5p | SOCS2 | Promotes cancer cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo | Validated upregulation in PI3K/Akt pathway | [36] |
| -221, -222 | TIMP-2 | Promotes proliferation and invasion, enhances MMP-2 and -9 expression in vitro | Predicted changes in the extracellular matrix by altering MMP-2 and -9 [not experimentally validated] | [37] |
| -361-3p | DUSP2 | Promotes EMT via inhibiting ERK1/2 pathway, enhances liver metastasis in vivo | Validated upregulation in ERK signalling | [38] |
| -501-3p | TGFBR3 | Promotes cancer cell migration and invasion, metastasis in vitro and in vivo | Validated activation in TGF-β signalling | [39] |
| -608 | BRD4 | Promotes cancer cell apoptosis in vitro | Predicted changes in MYC-associated pathway [not experimentally validated] | [40] |
| -708-5p | SIRT3 | Promotes cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro | Predicted changes in ROS-associated Src/FAK signalling [not experimentally validated] | [41] |
| -1469-5p | NDRG1 | Promotes cancer cell proliferation and invasion in vitro | Validated downregulation in NF-kB signalling | [42] |
ARHGAP24 Rho GTPase Activating Protein 24; Spry2 Sprouty RTK Signalling Antagonist 2; GJA1 Gap Junction Protein Alpha 1; PFK1 Phosphofructokinase-1; SOCS2 Suppressor Of Cytokine Signalling 2; TIMP-2 Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2; MMP Matrix metalloproteinases; DUSP2 Dual Specificity Phosphatase 2; TGFBR3 Transforming Growth Factor Beta Receptor 3; BRD4 Bromodomain Containing 4; SIRT3 Sirtuin 3; ROS Reactive oxygen species; FAK Focal adhesion kinase, NDRG1 N-Myc Downstream Regulated 1