Table 2.
Examples of downregulated miRNA expression in human PDAC
| miRNA | Targeted mRNA | Functional analysis | Associated signalling pathway/process | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -10b | E2F7 | Enhances cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in vitro | Predicted changes in cell cycle [not experimentally validated] | [43] |
| -15a | Wee1, Chk1, BMI-1, YAP-1 | Promotes cancer cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in vitro | Predicted changes in cell cycle [not experimentally validated] | [44] |
| -24-3p | LAMB3 | Promotes cell proliferation in vitro and tumour growth in vivo | Predicted changes in PI3K/Akt pathway [not experimentally validated] | [45] |
| ASF1B | Promotes EMT, cell migration and invasion in vitro | Validated upregulation in VEGFA-associated pathway | [46] | |
| -26a | E2F7 | Promotes cell proliferation in vitro | Validated upregulation in VEGFA-associated pathway | [47] |
| -29 | LOXL2 | Promotes collagen crosslinking in vitro | Predicted changes in LOXL2-mediated collagen crosslinking [not experimentally validated] | [48] |
| -29b-2-5p | Cbl-b | Promotes cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo | Validated overexpression in p53 | [49] |
| -29c | MAPK1 | Promotes cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and tumour growth in vivo | Validated inhibition in MAPK/ERK pathway | [50] |
| -30a-3p | ITGA2 | Suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro | Predicted changes in FAK pathway [not experimentally validated] | [51] |
| -30a-5p | FOXD1 | Promotes cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle progression in vitro | Validated activation in ERK pathway | [52] |
| -30d | RUNX1 | Promotes tumour growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo | Validated activation in aerobic glycolysis | [53] |
| SOX4 | Promotes cancer cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and in vivo | Validated promotion in PI3K/Akt signalling | [54] | |
| -33a-5p | RAP2A | Promotes cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro | Predicted changes in AKT signalling | [55] |
| -98-5p | MAP4K4 | Promotes tumour growth by downregulating MAP4K4 in vitro and in vivo | Validated inhibition of MAPK/ERK pathway | [56] |
| -122-5p | CCNG1 | Promotes EMT, cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro | Predicted changes in cell cycle progression [not experimentally validated] | [57] |
| -143-3p | KRAS | Promotes cancer cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo | Validated activation of ERK signalling | [58] |
| -193a-3p | CCND1 | Promotes cell proliferation in vitro | Predicted changes in cell cycle progression [not experimentally validated] | [59] |
| -194-5p | PD-L1 | Promotes EMT, proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, promotes tumour growth and suppresses CD8 T cell infiltration in the tumour in vivo | Validated downregulation in PD-1/PD-L1 pathway | [60] |
| -204-5p | RACGAP1 | Promotes cell migration and invasion in vitro | Predicted changes in ERK and/or STAT3 signalling [not experimentally validated] | [61] |
| -323a-3p | HK-2 | Promotes cancer cell proliferation in vitro, promotes tumour growth and metastasis in vivo | Predicted promotion in cancer cell glycolysis [not experimentally validated] | [62] |
| -340 | CD47 | Promotes tumour growth in vivo | Validated downregulated expression in inflammatory immune phenotype | [63, 64] |
| -345-5p | CCL8 | Promotes cancer cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo | Validated promotion in NF-kB pathway | [65] |
| -374b-5p | KDM5B | Promotes EMT, tumour growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo | Validated promotion in EMT phenotype | [66] |
| -628-5p | PLSCR1, IRS1 | Promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro | Validated upregulation in AKT/NF-kB pathway | [67] |
| -3662 | HIF-1α | Promotes glycolysis in cancer cells and resistance to gemcitabine in vitro | Validated promotion in aerobic glycolysis | [68] |
E2F7 E2F Transcription Factor 7; Chk1 Checkpoint kinase 1; YAP-1 Yes-associated protein 1; LAMB3 Laminin Subunit Beta 3; ASF1B anti-silencing function 1B; VEGFA Vascular endothelial growth factor A; LOXL2 Lysyl Oxidase Like 2; Cbl-b Cbl Proto-Oncogene B; MAPK1 Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; ITGA2 Integrin Subunit Alpha 2; STAT3 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; FOXD1 Forkhead Box D1; RUNX1 Runt-related transcription factor 1; SOX4 SRY-Box Transcription Factor 4; RAP2A Ras-related protein 2A; CCNG1 Cyclin G1; EMT Epithelial–mesenchymal transition; CCND1 Cyclin D1; PD-L1 Programmed death-ligand 1; RACGAP1 Rac GTPase Activating Protein 1; HK-2 Hexokinase 2; CCL8 C–C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8; KDM5B Lysine Demethylase 5B; PLSCR1 Phospholipid Scramblase 1; IRS1 Insulin Receptor Substrate 1; HIF-1α Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 Subunit Alpha