Table 4.
Associations between study variables with attitude to COVID-19 vaccination in multinomial logistic regression analyses, among study participants who were adult Iraqi citizens with data collected during August–September 2022 (N = 2544).
| Model | Nagelkerke R2 = 0.245 | aOR 6 (95 % CI 7) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Positive attitude vs. negative attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination | |||
| Sex | Male | 0.99 (0.73–1.35) | 0.951 |
| Female | Ref. | . | |
| Age | ≤ 27 years | 0.93 (0.60–1.45) | 0.763 |
| > 27 years | Ref. | . | |
| Occupation | HCW 3 | 1.52 (0.77–2.98) | 0.229 |
| Employed (non-HCW) | 1.04 (0.67–1.63) | 0.857 | |
| Unemployed | 1.03 (0.58–1.83) | 0.922 | |
| Student | Ref. | . | |
| Education | High school or less | 0.80 (0.42–1.54) | 0.506 |
| Undergraduate | 0.74 (0.50–1.10) | 0.139 | |
| Postgraduate | Ref. | . | |
| Income | ≤500 K IQD 4 | 1.03 (0.73–1.46) | 0.873 |
| >500 K IQD | Ref. | . | |
| Misinformation score 1 | No belief in misinformation | 7.82 (4.16–14.68) | <0.001 |
| Slight belief in misinformation | 3.75 (2.46–5.71) | <0.001 | |
| Moderate belief in misinformation | 1.58 (1.07–2.31) | 0.020 | |
| Strong belief in misinformation | Ref. | . | |
| Attitude towards COVID-19 2 vaccine conspiracy | Disagreement (VCBS 5: 7–20) | 10.42 (4.62–23.54) | <0.001 |
| Neutral (VCBS: 21–35) | 4.57 (3.30–6.33) | <0.001 | |
| Agreement (VCBS: 36–49) | Ref. | . | |
| Source of information regarding COVID-19 vaccination | Physicians, scientists and scientific journals | 1.26 (0.90–1.75) | 0.179 |
| TV programs and newspapers | 1.43 (0.93–2.19) | 0.105 | |
| Social media platforms | Ref. | . | |
| Neutral attitude vs. negative attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination | |||
| Sex | Male | 0.64 (0.44–0.92) | 0.016 |
| Female | Ref. | . | |
| Age | ≤ 27 years | 1.38 (0.83–2.31) | 0.217 |
| > 27 years | Ref. | . | |
| Occupation | HCW | 1.49 (0.69–3.21) | 0.314 |
| Employed (non-HCW) | 1.17 (0.69–1.96) | 0.562 | |
| Unemployed | 1.10 (0.57–2.11) | 0.774 | |
| Student | Ref. | . | |
| Education | High school or less | 1.31 (0.61–2.78) | 0.488 |
| Undergraduate | 1.17 (0.73–1.87) | 0.512 | |
| Postgraduate | Ref. | . | |
| Income | ≤500 K IQD 3 | 1.00 (0.68–1.49) | 0.987 |
| >500 K IQD | Ref. | . | |
| Misinformation score | No belief in misinformation | 1.74 (0.85–3.54) | 0.128 |
| Slight belief in misinformation | 1.09 (0.67–1.78) | 0.730 | |
| Moderate belief in misinformation | 0.89 (0.57–1.39) | 0.613 | |
| Strong belief in misinformation | Ref. | . | |
| Attitude towards COVID-19 vaccine conspiracy | Disagreement (VCBS 3: 7–20) | 1.71 (0.61–4.79) | 0.306 |
| Neutral (VCBS: 21–35) | 4.02 (2.73–5.92) | <0.001 | |
| Agreement (VCBS: 36–49) | Ref. | . | |
| Source of information regarding COVID-19 vaccination | Physicians, scientists and scientific journals | 0.85 (0.57–1.26) | 0.415 |
| TV programs and newspapers | 1.38 (0.85–2.25) | 0.191 | |
| Social media platforms | Ref. | . | |
1
Misinformation score: Using three items to assess the belief in COVID-19 misinformation.
2
COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.
3
HCW: Healthcare worker.
4
K IQD: 1000 Iraqi dinars.
5
VCBS: Vaccine conspiracy beliefs scale.
6
aOR: Adjusted odds ratio.
7
CI: Confidence interval. Statistically significant p values are highlighted in bold style.