Table 5.
Associations between study variables with COVID-19 vaccine uptake in multinomial logistic regression analyses, among study participants who were adult Iraqi citizens with data collected during August–September 2022 (N = 2544).
| Model | Nagelkerke R2 = 0.128 | aOR 6 (95 % CI 7) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 vaccine uptake vs. no history of COVID-19 vaccination | |||
| Sex | Male | 1.27 (0.97–1.64) | 0.079 |
| Female | Ref. | . | |
| Place of residence | Baghdad | 0.56 (0.43–0.73) | <0.001 |
| Outside Baghdad | Ref. | . | |
| Occupation | HCW 3 | 1.69 (0.93–3.07) | 0.083 |
| Employed (non-HCW) | 0.70 (0.52–0.93) | 0.015 | |
| Unemployed | 1.00 (0.62–1.60) | 0.985 | |
| Student | Ref. | . | |
| History of COVID-19 | Yes | 1.53 (1.19–1.97) | 0.001 |
| No | Ref. | . | |
| Income | ≤500 K IQD 4 | 0.66 (0.50–0.88) | 0.004 |
| >500 K IQD | Ref. | . | |
| Misinformation score 1 | No belief in misinformation | 2.29 (1.45–3.61) | <0.001 |
| Slight belief in misinformation | 1.49 (1.04–2.15) | 0.031 | |
| Moderate belief in misinformation | 1.08 (0.75–1.54) | 0.687 | |
| Strong belief in misinformation | Ref. | . | |
| Attitude towards COVID-19 2 vaccine conspiracy | Disagreement (VCBS 5: 7–20) | 3.65 (2.16–6.18) | <0.001 |
| Neutral (VCBS: 21–35) | 2.06 (1.56–2.71) | <0.001 | |
| Agreement (VCBS: 36–49) | Ref. | . | |
| Source of information regarding COVID-19 vaccination | Physicians, scientists and scientific journals | 1.46 (1.10–1.94) | 0.009 |
| TV programs and newspapers | 1.13 (0.81–1.58) | 0.469 | |
| Social media platforms | Ref. | . | |
1
Misinformation score: Using three items to assess the belief in COVID-19 misinformation
2
COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019
3
HCW: Healthcare worker
4
K IQD: 1000 Iraqi dinars
5
VCBS: Vaccine conspiracy beliefs scale
6
aOR: Adjusted odds ratio
7
CI: Confidence interval. Statistically significant p values are highlighted in bold style.