Table 1.

Tabular representation of recent advances in nano-biosensing based targeted diagnosis of the DHC using pathophysiological biomarkers.

Nanosystem	Biomarker	Limit of Detection	Detection Principle	Disease	Ref.
FeMoOxNP@ABTS@DSPE-PEG	Hydrogen Peroxide	2.5 µM	Optical biosensor sensitive towards near-infrared region	T2D	[116]
rGO-polyacrylamide-ferrocene/AuNPs	1,5-anhydroglucitol	21.74 µg/ml	Graphene oxide doped potentiometric sensor with high sensitivity	Diabetes	[117]
Luminescent Fe-carbon dots	Hydrogen peroxide and glucose	3.86 µM (colorimetry) and 7.27 Μm (fluorometry)	Dual optical biosensor using colorimetric and fluorometric assay	Diabetes	[118]
2-D SnS2 and 1-D Multi wall carbon nanotube	Cardiac troponin I	0.02 fg/ml	Voltage-sensitive electronic sensor enabled with ML algorithm	CVD, DCM	[119]
LSPR based Gold nanorod conjugated with aptamers of target protein	C-reactive protein	2 nM	Optical biosensor sensitive to UV absorption, resulting in LSPR shift	CVD	[120]
Polypyrrole nanotubes conjugated with NiCu layered double hydroxides	Glucose	66 nM	Nonenzymatic biosensors having high electrocatalytic activities	Diabetes and heart diseases	[121]
Co3S4 hybridised graphite carbon nitride nanosheets	Hydrogen peroxide	70 nM	Nonenzymatic amperometric biosensor possessing catalytic activity	CVD	[122]
Cu2O NP doped with (ChOx/TH/GCE)	Cholesterol	0.0018 nM	Electrochemical biosensor utilising enzymatic immobilisation technique	CVD	[123]
GO/PPy/PANI/ZnO nanocomposite	Cholesterol and Bilirubin	0.92 and 0.2 µA/µM/cm2	High conductivity electrochemical biosensor	CVD	[124]
g—C3N4@Au NPs	Galectin-3	0.025 pg/ml	Amperometric immunosensor based on antigen-antibody reaction	DCM	[125]
NG/AuNPs and MoS2/AuPtPd nanodendrite	Growth Differentiation Factor-15	–	Sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor	DCM	[126]
Biofunctionalized silicon nitride doped with ion-sensitive Field effect transistor	N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)	0.02 pg/ml	Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy	CVD (Heart failure)	[127]
Zn-MgO Nano-flakes	Glucose	100 µl/ml	Enzymatic assay based on physical absorption method	Diabetes	[128]
AuNPs conjugated with Co3O4 nanorod transistor	Cardiac troponin T	0.1 µg/ml	Non-labelled field-effect transistor based on immobilisation of the complementary biotinylated DNA aptamer via drop-casting method	CVD (Acute myocardial infarction)	[129]
CeO2-DNA nanosensor conjugated with Folic acid and CD36 antibody	Hydrogen Peroxide	120 nM	Non-invasive opto-fluorescent nanosensor	CVD (Atherosclerosis)	[130]
Semicarbazide modified AuNPs, AgNPs, MOFs	N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide	0.11 pg/ml	Immunoassay based on electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer	CVD (Heart failure)	[131]
Graphene quantum dot 3D ordered macroporous ZnO unit	Respiratory gaseous Acetone	8.7 ppb	High affinity-based semiconductor doped zinc oxide biosensor towards trace gaseous biomarker	Diabetes	[132]