Table 1.

Suggested Assessment Methods After COVID-19

Domain	Assessment	Description	Considerations
Physical or general functional status	6-min walk test50	•Measures aerobic exercise capacity •Instructs patients to walk as far as possible for 6 min	•Can help provide information pertaining to pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, blood circulation, and peripheral circulation
	EQ-5D-5L51	•Assesses health-related quality of life across five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain or discomfort, and anxiety or depression	•Available in > 150 languages •Various methods of administration (eg, self-report, interviewer administered) •Learn more at https://euroqol.org/eq-5d-instruments/eq-5d-5l-about/
	World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.052	•Assesses functioning across six domains: cognition, mobility, self-care, getting along with others, life activities, participation •Higher scores represent higher levels of disability (both total score and domain-specific scores reported)	•Multiple versions exist (eg, 36-item vs 12-item) •Various methods of administration (eg, self-report, interviewer administered) •Available in > 30 languages
	Post-COVID-19 Functional Status Scale53	•A structured interview that assesses degree of functional impairments in daily life after infection (ADLs and iADLs, participation in social roles, persisting symptoms, and care needs)	•Assessment of functional status before COVID-19 is recommended •Intended to be assessed at time of discharge, in the first few weeks after discharge, and up to 6 mo after COVID-19 to track functional status over time
Psychological functioning	Impact of Events Scale-Reviseda54	•Twenty-two items measuring symptoms of PTSD across the three categories of PTSD symptoms (avoidance, intrusion, hyperarousal symptoms)	•Available in several languages •Avoid diagnosis of PTSD based on screening alone
	Patient Health Questionnaire-955	•Nine items that assess the presence and intensity of depressive symptoms	•Widely used in health care settings, covers all symptoms for MDD based on DSM-5 criteria •Safety risk: includes suicidal ideation item that should be checked on completion •The first two items can be used for an ultrabrief screening (Patient Health Questionnaire-2) •Available in > 30 languages translations (see https://www.phqscreeners.com/)
	General Anxiety Disorder-756	•Seven items designed to assess the presence and severity of symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder	•Also adequately screens for panic disorder, social anxiety, and PTSD •The first two items can be used for an ultrabrief screening (General Anxiety Disorder-2) •Available in > 20 languages translations (see https://www.phqscreeners.com/)
	Health Anxiety and Depression Scale57a	•Fourteen items (seven anxiety and seven depression) assessing the presence of these symptoms in medical patients	•Designed to reduce the impact of physical symptoms on scoring (eg, depression items focus on anhedonia instead of sleep difficulties and fatigue) •Translated into > 70 languages
	Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms-1458	•Fourteen items assessing symptoms of PTSD according to DSM-4 criteria	•Commonly used in patient populations in the ICU
	PTSD Checklist for DSM-559	•Twenty-item measure that assesses presence and severity of PTSD symptoms based on DSM-5	•Commonly used within service members and veterans
Cognitive functioning	Montreal Cognitive Assessmenta60	•Sixteen items •Requires 10 min to administer	•Broad assessment of multiple cognitive domains, including executive functions •Designed to be sensitive to subtle forms of cognitive impairment •Requires certification (visit https://www.mocatest.org/training-certification/)
	Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Blind61	•Removes visuospatial executive and naming tasks of MoCA •Requires < 10 min to administer	•Can be used when in-person assessment is not feasible or with patients with vision or motor impairments
	5-min Montreal Cognitive Assessment62	•Includes four tasks based on MoCA (word list, verbal fluency, orientation, delayed recall) •Requires 5 min to administer	•Briefest version of the MoCA available •Does not require in-person assessment
	Repeatable Battery for Neuropsychological Status63	•Requires 30 min to administer •Stimulus book required	•Allows for continuously examining performance within the domains of immediate memory, attention, language, visuospatial, and delayed memory •Higher sensitivity to change than global cognitive screens •Alternative forms available for repeat assessment

ADLs = activities of daily living; iADLs = instrumental activities of daily living; DSM-4 = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; DSM-5 = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; MDD = major depressive disorder; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PICS = post-intensive care syndrome; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder.

^aRecommended by the Society of Critical Care Medicine.