Table 2.
Overview of studies reporting on natural conception in women with Turner syndrome.
| Study type | Authors | N | Natural conception n (%) | Age at pregnancy (years)a | Pregnancies per karyotype n(%) | Pregnancies n (%) | Live birth n (%) |
Pregnancy complications (% of pregnancies) |
Karyotype analysis b | Remarks | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MR | LBW | CA | PE | AD | Mor | |||||||||||
| Retrospective nulli vs primi | Bernard et al. (2016) | 480 | 27 (5.6%) | 27.5 (18–38) | 45, X | 2/181 (1%) | 52 | 30 | 16/52 (31%) | NR | 2/11 (18%) | 2/30 (7%) | 0/52 (0%) | 0/52 (0%) | NR | |
| 45, X/46, XX | 19/130 (15%) | |||||||||||||||
| Other | 6/169 (4%) | |||||||||||||||
| Calanchini et al. (2020) | 141 | 18 (13%) | 23.5 (15–31) | 45, X | 2/62 (3%) | NR | 37 | NR (48%) | 1/14 (7%) | 1/5 (20%) | 2/18 (11%) | 0 | NR | NR | Karyotype was known in 141 women. | |
| 45, X/46, XX | 11/23 (48%) | |||||||||||||||
| Other | 5/56 (9%) | |||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||
| Retrospective cohort of pregnancies in TS | Bryman et al. (2011) | 482 | 23 (4.8%) | 27 (16–42) | 45, X | 1 | 82 | 37 (45%) | 37/82 (45%) | NR | 4/37 (11%) | NR | 1/82 (1%) | NR | 10–30 | Results include 4 women with ART. |
| 45, X/46, XX | 25 | |||||||||||||||
| Other | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| Hagman et al. (2011) | 909 | 115 (12.7%) | 30 (18–41) | 45, X | 10 | 124 | 208 | NR | NR | NR | 1/124 (1%) | 1/124 (1%) | 0/124 (0%) | <’94 10–25 ≥’95 ≥ 30 |
||
| 45, X/46, XX | 50 | |||||||||||||||
| Other | 52 | |||||||||||||||
| Unknown | 3 | |||||||||||||||
| Hadnott et al. (2011) | 276 | 5 (1.8%) | 25.6 ± 2.1 | 45, X | 2 | 7 | 7 | NR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | ||
| 45, X/46, XX | – | |||||||||||||||
| Other | 3 | |||||||||||||||
| Doğer et al. (2015) | 22 | 11 | 23 (18–32) | 45, X | – | 52 | 17 (33%) | 35/52 (67%) | NR | 1/3 (33%) | NR | NR | NR | 100 | Results include 5 women with ART. | |
| 45, X/46, XX | 17 | |||||||||||||||
| Other | 5 | |||||||||||||||
| Cadoret et al. (2018) | NR | NR | 28.7 ± 6.8 | 45, X | – | 22 | 22 | 5/22 (23%) | NR | 0/22 (0%) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Only ongoing pregnancies are included. | |
| 45, X/46, XX | 16 | |||||||||||||||
| Other | 6 | |||||||||||||||
| Obata et al. (2020) | NR | 5 | NR | 45, X | – | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0 | NR | Patient characteristics were not specified for mode of conception | |
| 45, X/46, XX | 2 | |||||||||||||||
| Other | 3 | |||||||||||||||
| Cauldwell et al. (2022a) | NR | NR | NR | 45, X | 9 | 73 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0 | NR | NR | Patient characteristics were not specified for mode of conception | |
| 45, X/46, XX | 53 | |||||||||||||||
| Other | 11 | |||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||
| Case report | El-Shawarby and Steer (2007) | 1 | 36 | 45, X |
1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Twin pregnancy. | ||
| Mortensen et al. (2010) | 2 | 28 | 45, X[199]/47, XXX[1] |
2 | 2 | NR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NR | Genotyping with FISH on 200 lymphocytes | |||
| 30 | 45, X[200] |
2 | 2 | |||||||||||||
| Alves and Silva (2012) | 1 | 25/28 | 45, X[28]/47, XXX[2] | 2 | 2 | No complications | 30 | |||||||||
| Mavridi et al. (2018) | 1 | 21 | 45, X[52%]/47, XXX[48%] | 1 | 1 | No complications | NR | |||||||||
| Strypstein et al. (2022) | 1 | 29 | 45, X[14%]/46, XX[86%] | 1 | 1 | No complications | NR | Genotyping with FISH on lymphocytes. | ||||||||
Nulli versus primigravida: women with TS who were never pregnant versus women with TS with natural pregnancy.
a
Mean±SD or Median (range).
b
Number of lymphocytes used for conventional blood karyotyping.
AD, aortic dissection; CA, congenital abnormalities; LBW, low birthweight; MR, miscarriage rate; Mor, mortality; N, number of cases; NR, not reported; PE, pre-eclampsia; TS, Turner syndrome.