Table 1.
Assessment used and treatment outcome of tPBM studies.
| Source | Subject (n) | Light-emitting device | Wavelength (nm) | Irradiance (mW/cm2) | Fluency (J/cm2) | Total energy delivered | Wave type | Treatment location | Treatment period | Pre- and post-tests | Main outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naeser et al. (2011) | Chronic TBI (2) | LED | 633; 870 | 22.2 | 9.324 (7 min)–13.32 (10 min) | 271107.18 | Continuous | 3 (Entire head, forehead, frontal, parietal, and temporoparietal) | 1st week: 7 min; 2nd week: 8 min; 3rd week: 9 min thereafter: 10 min/9 months | Stroop; WMS-R | Improved executive function (inhibition) and memory, reduction in PTSD. |
| Chao et al. (2020) | TBI (1) | LED | 810 | Posterior:100; anterior:75; intranasal:25 | Posterior:60; anterior:45; intranasal:15 | 6,720 | Pulsed wave 10 Hz, 40 Hz | 5 (DMN; intranasal) | 20 min/28/ Tx.’s 8 weeks | CVLT-II; TMT; VFT; CWIT; WAIS-III | Improved verbal learning and memory, executive function, attention, verbal fluency and processing speed. |
| Naeser et al. (2023) | Chronic TBI (4) | LED | Protoc. A: 633, 870 Protoc. B: 810, 633 Protoc. C: 660,850 |
Protoc. A: 22.2; Protoc. B: 75, 100, 25; 8 Protoc. C: 41; 35 |
Protoc. A&C: 26 Protoc. B: 45, 60, 15; 12 |
Protoc. A: 10,800 Protoc. B: 4,536 Protoc. C: 29,259 |
Protoc. A&C: Continuous Protoc. B: 40 |
Protocol A&C: Entire head Protocol B: 810, DMN, and 630, intranasal |
22–40 min/ 18/6 weeks | Stroop; TMT; CVLT-II; CPT; CWIT; BVMT-R; COWAT/FAS | Improved executive function; attention; verbal learning and memory; visuospatial memory; verbal fluency. |
| Carneiro et al. (2019) | Chronic TBI (10) | LED | 630 | 2.075 | 3.74 | 26,892 | Continuous | 1 (Entire head) | 30 min/18/6 weeks | Stroop; TMT; DST; RCFT; RAVLT; VFT | Improve in visual and verbal episodic memory, planning, and processing speed. |
| Hipskind et al. (2019) | Chronic TBI (12) | LED | 629, 850 | 6.4 | 7.7 | 71,892 | Pulsed wave 73 Hz; 587 Hz; 1,175 Hz | 1 (Entire head) | 20 min/18/6 weeks | CVLT-II; WAIS-IV; TMT-B; DVT | 6 of 15 neuropsychological tests, improved verbal learning; memory; concentration; processing speed. |
| Naeser et al. (2014) | Chronic TBI (11) | LED | 630, 870 | 22.2 | 26.64 | 64,800 | Continuous | 2 sets of 6 LED Cluster Heads (Entire head, frontal, parietal, temporal areas) |
20 min/18/6 weeks | TMT; Stroop; CVLT-II; COWAT/FAS Test | Improved executive function and verbal learning and memory. |
WMS-R, the Wechsler Memory Scale – Revised; CVLT-II, California Verbal Learning Test II; CWIT, Color Word Interference test; TMT, Trail Making Test; BVMT, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test; CPT, Continuous Performance Test; WAIS-III, Digit Span subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III; VFT, Verbal Fluency Test; COWAT/FAS Test, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; DST, Digit Symbol Test; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; RCFT, Rey Complex Figure Test; WAIS-IV, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV; DVT, Digit Vigilance Test; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.