Table 2.

Illustrative quotes on individual-level barriers and facilitators that influence awareness of social needs screening in primary care.

	Barriers to awareness about social needs	Facilitators to awareness about social needs
Perception of Patient-Level Factors by Clinician/Healthcare Staff	Cultural stigma in accepting help Participant 3: “Finances can be sensitive to people. It's embarrassing. Who wants to say, I can't afford this? Who wants to say my electric is gonna get cut off? Nobody, and I'm not sending them money, so what am I even asking for? I mean, you have people pour their heart out to you and you can't fix it. I hate it. Adult protective service, I mean all of it.” Participant 6 (Executive Director of Population Health): “We have a lot of [redacted ethnicity] patients, so they don't really understand why we’re asking those questions.” Participant 9 (Practice Manager/Supervisor): “Sometimes it can just be fear of asking for help: ‘I don't want someone to think that I’m this type of person if I’m asking for this type of help.”	Prioritizing non-judgmental listening, respect, confidentiality Participant 6 (Executive Director of Population Health): “We have to earn the (patients) trust in a way to continue with that relationship and ask them these questions in a way which will ensure that we maintain that respect, the dignity of a person and, most importantly, assure them that this is not going to IRS (Internal Revenue Services) or some other authority.”
Clinician/healthcare staff-level factors	Clinician discomfort in eliciting social needs Participant 3 (Nurse): “I hate asking uncomfortable questions that I can't fix. So, the domestic abuse one – I hate asking it because guess who can't sleep that night? Me. And they have the right to stay with their husband who's been abusive for 50 years. They're not gonna leave now.”	Intrinsic motivation in helping address social needs Participant 14 (Nurse): “Honestly, I don't even know that my practice needs incentives. They are very engaged in patient care. It's like they have a bunch of children. They know their patients. And my providers will reach out and say, “Can you help with this?” I don't think they need to be incentivized to do anything for their patients. I just do what I’m supposed to do to help the patients to get things that they need. It's my job.”