Table 5.
Factors associated with patients' level of satisfaction with the services of doctors and nurses using the Heckman selection model
| Variable | Inpatient; 1=Yes, 0=No (selection) | Inpatient Satisfaction raw scores | Outpatient; 1=Yes, 0=No (selection) | Outpatient Satisfaction raw scores |
| aβ[95%C%] | aβ[95%C%] | aβ[95%C%] | aβ[95%C%] | |
| Age | -0.01[-0.02 to 0.00] | 0.01[0.00 to 0.02]* | -0.01[-0.02 to 0.01] | -0.03[-0.13 to 0.08] |
| Religion | ||||
| Islam | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No religion | 0.39[-0.56 to 1.33] | 0.84[-0.34 to 3.02] | 0.68[-0.51 to 1.87] | 3.00[-4.11 to 10.11] |
| Christianity | 0.12[-0.24 to 0.48] | -0.15[-0.54 to 0.25] | 0.17[-0.24 to 0.58] | -2.07[-6.38 to 2.24] |
| Education | ||||
| Tertiary | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No formal education | -0.30[-0.75 to 0.16] | 0.36[-0.10 to 0.82] | 0.33[-0.17 to 0.83] | -2.13[-6.24 to 1.99] |
| Primary | -0.54[-0.97 to -0.10]** | -0.11[-0.56 to 0.34] | -0.15[-0.63 to 0.32] | -1.42[-5.72 to 2.89] |
| Middle/ Junior High School | -0.08[-0.40 to 0.25] | 0.001[-0.33 to 0.32] | 0.07[-0.28 to 0.42] | -0.81[-3.71 to 2.09] |
| Secondary | -0.16[-0.47 to 0.15] | 0.04[-0.25 to 0.34] | 0.08[-0.24 to 0.40] | -0.76[-3.49 to 1.97] |
| Status | ||||
| Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Never married | -0.23[-0.59 to 0.13] | 0.25[-0.09 to 0.59] | 0.15[-0.21 to 0.51] | -3.37[-6.89 to 0.16] |
| Co-habiting | -1.01[-2.67 to 0.66] | 5.93[4.25 to 7.60]*** | 0.60[-0.66 to 1.85] | -4.02[-11.61 to 3.57] |
| Divorced/Separated | -0.10[-0.39 to 0.20] | 0.20[-0.11 to 0.51] | 0.40[0.06 to 0.74]* | -1.67[-4.38 to 1.05] |
| Widowed | 0.11[-0.19 to 0.41] | 0.27[-0.06 to 0.60] | 0.63[0.26 to 0.99]*** | 0.80[-2.09 to 3.68] |
| Residence | ||||
| Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Urban | -0.23[-1.12 to 0.67] | 0.52[-0.14 to 1.18] | 0.33[-0.33 to 0.99] | -10.47[-15.29 to - 5.66]*** |
| Currently working | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 0.07[-0.21 to 0.34] | 0.07[-0.22 to 0.35] | 0.07[-0.23 to 0.36] | 0.89[-1.69 to 3.46] |
| Income (GHS) | ||||
| <500 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 500-1000 | -0.13[-0.38 to 0.12] | -0.02[-0.29 to 0.25] | 0.12[-0.51 to 0.27] | -0.26[-0.78 to 0.27] |
| 1001-2000 | -0.32[-0.69 to 0.06] | -0.23[-0.59 to 0.13] | -0.38[-0.75 to -0.01]* | -0.05[-0.56 to 0.46] |
| 2001-5000 | -0.31[-0.67 to 0.05] | -0.00[-0.38 to 0.38] | -0.22[-0.65 to 0.22] | -0.43[-0.96 to 0.10] |
| >5000 | -0.30[-0.76 to 0.16] | 0.29[-0.22 to 0.79] | -0.56[-0.98 to -0.15]* | -0.33[-0.84 to 0.19] |
| First point of call | ||||
| Health Facility | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Other | -0.21[-0.57 to 0.16] | 0.24[-0.13 to 0.60] | 0.42[-0.02 to 0.86] | -0.11[-3.22 to 3.00] |
| Previous number of health facilities visited | ||||
| None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 Facility | -0.05[-0.43 to 0.34] | -0.59[-1.01 to -0.17]** | -0.64[-1.13 to -0.15]** | -2.80[-5.81 to 0.21] |
| 2 Facilities | 0.19[-0.33 to 0.70] | -0.19[-1.34 to -0.48]*** | -1.01[-1.51 to -0.50]*** | -1.00[-4.61 to 2.60] |
| 3+ Facilities | 0.06[-0.52 to 0.65] | -0.82[-1.36 to -0.28]** | -0.96[-1.55 to -0.38]*** | -1.56[-6.51 to 3.38] |
| Hospital visit influenced by another | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 0.21[-0.10 to 0.51] | -0.09[-0.40 to 0.22] | ||
| Hospital visit based on personal conviction | 0.00[-0.33 to 0.34] | 1.24[-1.39 to 3.87] | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 0.54[0.18 to 0.89] ** | -0.33[-0.62 to -0.04] * | -0.09[-0.40 to 0.22] | 0.78[-1.80 to 3.35] |
NOTE: Abbreviation: CI=Confidence Interval; GHS=Ghana Cedis; aα= adjusted coefficient estimate from Heckman Selection model; 1= reference category used for inference. P-value notation:
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01
***
p<0.001