Table 1.
Participant Characteristics
| χ2 Value |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Concussion Group (n = 39)a | Control Group (n = 39)a | t76 Value | P Value |
| Age, y | 18.36 ± 2.29 | 18.38 ± 2.30 | −0.05 | .96 |
| Sex | 0.00 | >.99 | ||
| Male | 25 (64.1) | 25 (64.1) | ||
| Female | 14 (35.9) | 14 (35.9) | ||
| Level | 0.22 | .64 | ||
| College | 24 (61.5) | 24 (61.5) | ||
| High school | 15 (38.5) | 15 (38.5) | ||
| Sport | 14.19 | .65 | ||
| Basketball | 2 (5.1) | 2 (5.1) | ||
| Football | 16 (41.0) | 15 (38.5) | ||
| No sport | 2 (5.1) | 5 (12.8) | ||
| Rugby | 2 (5.1) | 3 (7.7) | ||
| Soccer | 3 (7.7) | 3 (7.7) | ||
| Tennis | 1 (2.6) | 3 (7.7) | ||
| Other | 13 (33.3) | 8 (20.5) | ||
| Previous concussion | 5.07 | .17 | ||
| Yes | 13 (33.3) | 8 (20.5) | ||
| No | 16 (41.0) | 19 (48.7) | ||
| Not reported | 10 (25.6) | 12 (30.8) | ||
| Headaches or migraines | 0.72 | .40 | ||
| Yes | 4 (10.3) | 2 (5.1) | ||
| No | 34 (87.2) | 36 (92.3) | ||
| Not reported | 1 (2.6) | 1 (2.6) | ||
| Learning disorder | 3.12 | .08 | ||
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.7) | ||
| No | 38 (97.4) | 35 (89.7) | ||
| Not reported | 1 (2.6) | 1 (2.6) | ||
| Attention-deficit or hyperactivity disorder | 1.12 | .29 | ||
| Yes | 3 (7.7) | 1 (2.6) | ||
| No | 31 (79.5) | 34 (87.2) | ||
| Not reported | 5 (12.8) | 4 (10.3) | ||
| Depression or anxiety | 1.42 | .23 | ||
| Yes | 5 (12.8) | 2 (5.1) | ||
| No | 33 (84.6) | 36 (92.3) | ||
| Not reported | 1 (2.6) | 1 (2.6) | ||
a
Values are mean ± SD or No. (%). Percentages were rounded and may not total 100%.