TABLE 1.
The study populations and their localities.
| Species | Distribution | Collected | Country | Latitude | Longitude | Origin | No. of mothers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H. maculatum | L | 2020 | Finland | 60.18 | 24.70 | Self‐collected | 25 |
| H. maculatum | L | 2020 | Finland | 60.26 | 23.60 | Self‐collected | 25 |
| H. maculatum | C | 2020 | Belgium | 50.50 | 6.25 | Self‐collected | 25 |
| H. maculatum | C | 2018 | Austria | 48.11 | 13.29 | Seedbank | ‐ |
| H. maculatum | T | 2021 | France | 46.14 | 6.59 | Self‐collected | 21 |
| H. maculatum | T | 2008 | Italy | 46.12 | 9.57 | Seedbank | ‐ |
| H. montanum | L | 2020 | Sweden | 57.79 | 18.89 | Self‐collected | 25 |
| H. montanum | L | 2021 | Finland | 60 a | 24 a | Self‐collected | 25 |
| H. montanum | C | 2017 | Poland | 52.70 | 23.85 | Seedbank | ‐ |
| H. montanum | C | 2021 | Belgium | 50.09 | 4.57 | Self‐collected | 19 |
| H. montanum | T | 2021 | France | 44.42 | 5.46 | Self‐collected | 25 |
| H. montanum | T | 2019 | France | 44.18 | 3.43 | Seedbank | ‐ |
| H. perforatum | L | 2021 | Finland | 60.21 | 24.96 | Self‐collected | 25 |
| H. perforatum | L | 2021 | Finland | 59.83 | 22.93 | Self‐collected | 25 |
| H. perforatum | C | 2021 | France | 48.40 | 2.63 | Self‐collected | 15 |
| H. perforatum | C | 2021 | France | 48.83 | 2.11 | Self‐collected | 25 |
| H. perforatum | C | 2021 | Belgium | 50.08 | 4.55 | Self‐collected | 25 |
| H. perforatum | C | 2021 | UK | 50.90 | −0.04 | Self‐collected | 25 |
| H. perforatum | C | 2021 | UK | 50.88 | −0.02 | Self‐collected | 25 |
| H. perforatum | C | 2021 | UK | 50.87 | −0.00 | Self‐collected | 25 |
| H. perforatum | T | 2021 | France | 44.76 | 6.28 | Self‐collected | 25 |
| H. perforatum | T | 2021 | France | 44.45 | 5.44 | Self‐collected | 23 |
| H. perforatum | T | 2020 | Slovenia | 45.64 | 14.23 | Seedbank | ‐ |
Note: Distribution areas are denoted as L = leading, C = core, and T = trailing area.
a
The exact location could not be disclosed due to conservation status (CR; Hyvärinen et al., 2019). Number of mothers were unknown for populations originating from seedbanks.