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. 2024 Mar 15;42(7):677–684. doi: 10.1007/s11604-024-01547-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Clinical staging of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma based on (a) the Union of International Cancer Control TNM classification, eighth edition, and (b) the Japanese Classification of Esophageal Cancer, 12th edition. The area enclosed by the dashed line indicates the clinical stage described in this review