Table 1.
Summary statistics of maternal urinary biomarkers (n = 72)
| Chemical biomarker | LOD | % < LOD | Median (IQR)** |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1-Hydroxynaphthalene* | 0.05 | 4.0 | 142.1 (74.5-303.3) |
| 2-Hydroxynaphthalene* | 0.05 | 0.0 | 4380.7 (2490.5-8461.6) |
| 2-Hydroxyfluorene* | 0.01 | 1.3 | 123.9 (73.4-232.7) |
| 1-Hydroxyphenanthrene* | 0.01 | 0.0 | 121.9 (74.7-194.4) |
| 2,3-Hydroxyphenanthrene* | 0.02 | 0.0 | 101.2 (68.9-154.4) |
| 4-Hydroxyphenanthrene* | 0.01 | 12.0 | 14.3 (4.2–20.4) |
| 9-Hydroxyphenanthrene* | 0.01 | 8.0 | 17.7 (10.4–33.3) |
| 1-Hydroxypyrene* | 0.01 | 1.3 | 120.3 (70.9–173.0) |
| Monoethyl phthalate | 1.2 | 0 | 13.1 (4.9–47.2) |
| Mono-n-butyl phthalate | 0.4 | 5.3 | 3.8 (1.9–12.8) |
| Mono-isobutyl phthalate | 0.8 | 21.3 | 3.0 (0.9–11.5) |
| Monobenzyl phthalate | 0.3 | 8.0 | 1.7 (0.9–7.6) |
| Mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate | 0.4 | 41.3 | 0.6 (< LOD-1.8) |
| Mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalateb | 0.4 | 0 | 112 (43.3-269.5) |
| Mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalateb | 0.4 | 0 | 69.7 (26.6–198.0) |
| Mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalateb | 0.2 | 0 | 61.0 (16.35–160.0) |
| Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalateb | 0.8 | 4.0 | 45.3 (10.9-112.5) |
| Mono-isononyl phthalatea | 0.9 | 93.3 | < LOD |
| Monooxononyl phthalate | 0.4 | 21.3 | 1 (0.5–2.9) |
| Mono carboxyisooctyl phthalate | 0.3 | 10.7 | 1 (0.3–3.3) |
| Mono carboxyisononyl phthalate | 0.2 | 0 | 3.3 (1.5–10.5) |
| Mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate | 0.2 | 0 | 20.1 (5.9–59.3) |
| Mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl terephthalate | 0.4 | 33.3 | 1.4 (< LOD-6.3) |
| Cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, monocarboxy isooctyl ester | 0.5 | 80 | < LOD |
| Cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, monohydroxy isononyl ester | 0.4 | 64 | < LOD (< LOD-0.7) |
| 2,4-Dichlorophenol | 0.1 | 9.3 | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) |
| 2,5-Dichlorophenol | 0.1 | 6.7 | 1.2 (0.5–6.8) |
| Benzophenone-3 | 0.4 | 4.0 | 6.7 (2.4–25.7) |
| Bisphenol A | 0.2 | 4.0 | 1.0 (0.5-2.0) |
| Bisphenol F | 0.2 | 56 | < LOD (< LOD-0.5) |
| Bisphenol S | 0.1 | 24 | 0.2 (0.1–0.7) |
| Methyl parabenb | 1.0 | 0 | 376.7 (68.5-1214.6) |
| Ethyl parabenb | 1.0 | 26.7 | 2.1 (< LOD-16.2) |
| Propyl parabenb | 0.1 | 1.3 | 21.1 (3.9–84.1) |
| Butyl paraben | 0.1 | 72 | < LOD |
| Triclocarban | 0.1 | 52 | < LOD (< LOD-0.6) |
| Triclosan | 1.7 | 52 | < LOD(< LOD-4.2) |
aExcluded in further analysis due to relatively low detection frequencies
bExcluded due to relatively high concentrations that are likely due to use of medical tubing/medications/wipes at delivery
*Unit of concentration for PAH biomarkers is nanogram/gram creatinine (ng/g creatinine); concentration unit for all other biomarkers is microgram/gram creatinine (µg/g creatinine)
**Biomarker concentrations standardized with urine creatinine concentration