TABLE 1.

Factors secreted by M2-TAMs and their roles in tumor development.

Factors secreted by M2 TAMs	Pro-tumorigenic outcome
IL-6, EGF, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-10, CCL2, CCL18, CCL20, TGF-β, PDGF, STAT3, PI3K/AKT, BMP6	Tumor growth
IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-1β, TGF-β, HLA-G, MMP-7, PD-1, PDE-2, CCL2, CCL5, Arg-1, TRAIL, Fas L	Immune suppression
CXCL-8, CCL3, CCL5, CCL18, CCL22, CCL20, MMPs, TGF-β, EGF, FGF, IGF-1, COX-2, TGF-β2, CSF-1, AIF1, COX-2, IL-10, IL-1β, Wnt	Tumor invasion and metastasis
VEGF-A, FGF, PDGF, PIGF, iNOS, COX-2, HIF, MMP-9, IL-10, Sp1, CXCR4, VCAM-1, FOXQ1, TIE-2	Tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis
TGF-β, MMPs, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, Cathepsin B, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK-STAT3, miRNA	Anti-cancer therapy resistance

IL-6/8/10/17/1β, interleukin 6/8/10/17/1β; EGF, endothelial growth factor; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; CCL2/3/5/18/20/22: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2/3/5/18/20/22; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; JAK/STAT3, janus-activated kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; PI3K/AKT, phosphatidylinositde-3-kinase/protein kinase B; BMP6, bone morphogenetic protein 6; HLA-G, human leukocyte antigen G; MMP-7, matrix metallopeptidase 7; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PDE-2, phosphodiesterase 2; Arg-1, arginase-1; TRAIL, TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand; Fas L, fas ligand; CXCL-8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; IGF-1, somatomedin C; COX2, cyclooxygenase 2; CSF-1, macrophage colony stimulating factor-1; AIF1, allograft inflammatory factor 1; VEGF-A, vascular endothelial growth factor-A; PlGF, placental growth factor; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; Sp1, specific β1 glycoprotein; CXCR4, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; FOXQ1, forkhead box Q1; TIE-2, tyrosine kinase receptor with immunoglobulin and EGF homology domains-2; miRNA, microRNA.