Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics.
| Parameter; Median (range) or N (%) | SBP group (n = 42) | Non-SBP group (n = 56) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Etiology of cirrhosis | 0.430 | ||
| ALD | 30 (71.4) | 42 (75.0) | |
| Viral (hepatitis B and C) | 2 (4.8) | 2 (3.6) | |
| MASH | 0 (0.0) | 3 (5.3) | |
| Other | 10 (23.8) | 9 (16.1) | |
| Child–Pugh classification | 0.332 | ||
| Class A | 3 (7.9) | 1 (1.8) | |
| Class B | 14 (36.8) | 25 (44.6) | |
| Class C | 21 (55.3) | 27 (48.2) | |
| MELD score | 19.5 (6–40) | 18 (8–38) | 0.117 |
| 6–11 points | 4 (9.5) | 6 (10.7) | |
| 12–24 points | 22 (52.4) | 39 (69.7) | |
| 25–40 points | 16 (38.1) | 11 (19.6) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 6 (14.3) | 6 (10.7) | 0.757 |
| EF CLIF ACLF grade | 0.035 | ||
| No ACLF | 21 (50.0) | 40 (71.4) | |
| Grade 1 | 13 (31.0) | 14 (25.0) | |
| Grade 2 | 7 (16.6) | 2 (3.6) | |
| Grade 3 | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0) | |
| EF CLIF OF score | 7.5 (6–12) | 7.0 (6–11) | 0.011 |
| CLIF-C-ACLF score | 57 (40–71) | 44 (34–56) | <0.001 |
| Use of beta-blockers | 15 (35.7) | 27 (48.2) | 0.302 |
| Use of antibiotics | |||
| Prophylactic | 9 (21.4) | 6 (10.7) | 0.166 |
| At time of paracentesis | 11 (26.2) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Use of PPIs | 28 (66.7) | 39 (69.6) | 0.828 |
| Use of immunosuppressants | 2 (4.8) | 2 (3.6) | 1.000 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 79.3 (53.7–120.0) | 85.2 (56.7–112.3) | 0.914 |
| Heart rate (beats/minute) | 79.3 (54–120) | 80.0 (37–120) | 0.521 |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.5 (36–39) | 36.4 (35.5–38.2) | 0.546 |
| Bilirubin (μmol/L) | 42.3 (6.2–593.8) | 44.4 (11.7–330.3) | 0.067 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 131.0 (63–543) | 115.5 (43–411) | 0.026 |
| GFR (mL/min; CKD-EPI formula) | 43 (8–105) | 56 (13–135) | 0.029 |
| INR | 1.4 (0.9–4.9) | 1.5 (1.0–5.2) | 0.822 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 30.4 (13.8–48.0) | 28.3 (13.9–44.5) | 0.035 |
| WBC count (exp9/L) | 9.7 (2.7–33.2) | 6.0 (1.4–17.1) | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 67.0 (5.42–204.2) | 15.8 (1.4–115.5) | <0.001 |
| Platelet count (exp9/L) | 128.0 (36–487) | 106.5 (14–344) | 0.143 |
| Serum sodium (mmol/L) | 131.9 (119.1–147.5) | 136.7 (116.7–143.7) | 0.184 |
| Ascites WBC (/μL) | 1537.5 (437–17721) | 146.5 (30–563) | <0.001 |
| Ascites PMN (/μL) | 1075.5 (281–14762) | 15.5 (2–87) | <0.001 |
| Ascites albumin (g/L) | 6.9 (1–22) | 5.8 (2–31) | 0.802 |
SBP: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; ALD: Alcohol-related liver disease; MASH: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis; MELD: Model of end-stage liver disease; EF CLIF: European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure; ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure; PPI: Proton pump inhibitors; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; INR: International normalized ratio; WBC: White blood count; CRP: C-reactive protein; PMN: Polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Bold value signifies P < 0.05.