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. 2024 Jul 2;19:85. doi: 10.1186/s13014-024-02480-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEG) determined by RNA-seq. DEG of LNCaP cells for DEG-photon A, DEG-¹²C-ion B and DEG-DHT C and in DU145 cells for DEG-photon J and DEG-¹²C-ion K. DEG are defined as log2FC ≥ 1; corrected p < 0.05. The log2-FC in the heatmaps with the corresponding volcano plots indicate treatment versus control (n = 3). Upregulated DEG are red, downregulated DEG are blue and non-significantly altered mRNAs are grey. D Correlation graphs of log2-FC of DEG-photon and DEG-¹²C-ion in LNCaP cells. DEG-photon that intersected with DEG-¹²C-ion are black (n = 577). Unique DEG-photon are orange (n = 232) and unique DEG-¹²C-ion are green (n = 220). E, F Correlation graphs of DEG-DHT that intersected with DEG-photon or with DEG-¹²C-ion. The same samples are plotted once with (log2-FC-photon) on the y-axis E and once with (log2-FC-(¹²C-ion) on the y-axis F. The majority of DEG-DHT were unique (n = 904, olive). A prominent fraction of DEG-DHT intersected with DEG-¹²C-photon (orange; n = 55), with DEG ¹²C-ion (cyan; n = 53) or with both (red; n = 292). G–I Correlation graphs of merged DEG-photon, DEG-¹²C-ion and DEG-DHT that are restricted to those with high expression levels (top 50th percentile of all DEG) and strong fold changes (0.3 > FC > 3; adequately to (log2FC > 1.6) for at least one treatment. The samples are plotted with different XY-axes. G log2-FC of photon versus ¹²C-ion with Pearson correlation analysis (r = 0.9725, p < 0.0001). H log2-FC of DHT versus photon and I log2-FC of DHT versus ¹²C-ion. Respective unique and intersected DEG are assigned to different sample colors with the n-number in the legends. The names of strikingly altered DEG are indicated. L Correlation graphs of log2-FC of DEG-photon and DEG-¹²C-ion in DU145 cells. DEG-¹²C-ion (orange; n = 26) and DEG-¹²C-ion (green, n = 26) were all unique without intersection. Some DEG-photon in DU145 cells (n = 5) intersected with DEG-photon in LNCaP cells and are marked with an asterisk