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. 2024 Jul 1;22:386. doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02648-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 24 — Preparation of spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) conjugated with flare sequences: (A) Functionalization of Au nanoparticles (13 ± 1 nm) surface with propylthiol-terminated antisense DNA, hybridizing with short complementary fluorophore-labeled DNA (Flare). (B) Upon incubation of the prepared nano-conjugates (A) with complementary miRNA targets, RISC (miRISC) was loaded, and the fluorescence signal increased. (C) The DNA/LNA gapmer sequences (target and control) served as antisense strands (Note: The underlined bases are LNA), and the flare sequence was applied to form nanoflare conjugates. This figure was redrawn with permission from ref [162]