Table 3.

The mechanisms of allicin in myocardial infarction and ischemia–reperfusion injury

Research Model	Model establishment	Intervention methods	Drug effects	Main molecular mechanisms	Citation
Male SD rats with MIR	Ligating LAD to induce ischemia for 30 min, followed by 4 h of reperfusion	50 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection at 0.5 h before the induction of ischemia	Cardioprotection, suppressing inflammation, suppressing oxidative stress	⬇ cTnI, CK-MB, LVEDP, MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, p-p38, p38 ⬆ LVSP, SOD, CAT, GPx	[16]
HR primary porcine cardiomyocytes	Hypoxia 2 h, reoxygenation 3 h	20 μg/ml for 4 h (validation concentration)	Reducing apoptosis, anti-inflammation, reducing mitochondrial injury	⬇ Bax, cleaved caspase-3, Cyt-c, TNF-α, IL-6, ROS, HIF-1α, ET-1, TGF-β ⬆ Bcl-2, eNOS, PGC1-α	[33]
Wistar rats with MI	Ligating LAD	1.2, 1.8, and 3.6 mg/kg, intraperitoneally daily for 3 weeks	Cardioprotection, improving cardiac function	⬇Infarct area, CK, LDH, myocardial apoptosis, LVID, Bax ⬆ LVAWd/s, EF, FS, SV, Bcl-2	[35]
Male SD rats with myocardial ischemia	Injection of ISO (85 mg/kg/day) for 2 consecutive days	1.2, 1.8, and 3.6 mg/kg, intraperitoneally daily for 1 week	Reducing oxidative stress damage, reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis	⬇ Myocardial fibrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, MDA, p-iNOS, iNOS, Cyt-c, caspase-3, caspase-9 ⬆ SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, eNOS, Bcl-2, Bax, JNK, p-JNK	[36]
Male SD rats with MI	Ligating LAD	7 and 14 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection for 1 week	Cardioprotection, improving cardiac function, regulating coronary artery vasodilation	⬇ cTnT, LDH, myocardial infarction area, LVID, Ca2+ release by the ryanodine receptor, SR Ca2+ leakage ⬆ H2S in serum and myocardial tissue, LVAWd/s, EF, FS, SV, CSE, CBS, opening of KATP, Ca2+ transients amplitude, Ca2+ uptake via SERCA, Ca2+ removal via the NCX, myofilament sensitivity, SR Ca2+content	[57]
Male Wistar rats with MIR	Ligating LAD to induce ischemia for 30 min, followed by 3 h of reperfusion	1.88 mg/kg, orally via gavage, 12 h before inducing ischemia	Anti-apoptosis, improving cardiac function	⬇ LVIDd/s, infarct size, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, GRK2, p-GRK2, p-CaMKII, p-PLC-γ, p-IP3R ⬆ LVAWd/s, LVEF, Bcl-2, PI3K, p-PI3K	[58]
Male C57BL6 mice with MIR	Ligating LAD to induce ischemia for 30 min, followed by 3 h of reperfusion	3 mg/ml 10 min + 5 mg/ml 15 min (intravenously) before MIR	Promoting angiogenesis, improving cardiac function	⬇ LVID, cardiac fibrosis areas, miR-19a-3p ⬆ EF, FS, LVAWd/s, neovascularization numbers, LDH, COX-2, p-AKT, p-PI3K, p-mTOR, VEGF, MMP-2	[59]

CaMKII Ca²⁺/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, CBS cystathionine beta-synthase, CK creatine kinase, COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2, CSE cystathionine-γ-lyase, cTnT cardiac troponin T, Cyt-c cytosolic cytochrome C, EF ejection fraction, ET-1 endothelin-1, FS short-axis shortening, GPx glutathione peroxidase, JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase, LVAWd/s left ventricular anterior wall diastolic and systolic thicknesses, MDA malondialdehyde, MIR myocardial ischemia reperfusion, MMP-2 matrix metalloproteinas-2, NCX Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger, p-mTOR p-mammalian target of rapamycin, PLC-γ recombinant phospholipase C gamma, p-PI3K p-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase, SV stroke volume, SD Sprague Dawley, SERCA sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase, SR sarcoplasmic reticulum, TGF-β transforming growth factor-β, VLDL very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor