Table 4.

The mechanisms of allicin in cardiac hypertrophy

Research Model	Model establishment	Intervention methods	Drug effects	Main molecular mechanisms	Citation
Primary cardiac myocytes	1 μM AngII for 48 h	Pretreated for 60 min before interfering with AngII	Anti-inflammation, reducing cardiac hypertrophy, improving cardiac function	⬇ LVESD, LVEDD, LVPWd, ANP, BNP, Myh7, ROS, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, p- JNK1/2, JNK1/2, p-Akt, Akt, p-p38/p38, p-p85/p85, p-GSK3β, GSK3β, NF-κB, p-Smad2/3, Smad2/3, CTGF ⬆ FS	[24]
Cardiac fibroblast
Male C57/B6 mice with pathological cardiac hypertrophy	Aortic banding	50 mg/kg per day for 1 week before aortic banding surgery and 8 weeks after surgery
Male SD rats with cardiac hypertrophy	AngII (250 ng/kg per min) through mini-osmotic pumps implanted subcutaneously for 2 weeks	180 mg/kg/day contained in the diet at the 4 weeks after the surgery for 8 consecutive weeks	Alleviating cardiac remodeling, reducing cardiac hypertrophy, improving cardiac function	⬇ SBP, DBP, LV mass, posterior wall thickness, LVEDd, IVSd, LVPWd, collagen and collagen I/III mRNA expression, ROS ⬆ EF, FS, GPx, GSH, GPx activities, levels of GSH and T-AOC, protein levels and mRNA expression of Nrf2, NQO1, and γ-GCS, HO-1	[62]
Male Wistar rats with pathological cardiac hypertrophy	Abdominal aortic constriction	5, 10, and 2 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection for 4 consecutive weeks	Inhibiting excessive autophagy, improving cardiac function	⬇ LVEDP, HW/BW, LVW/BW, HW/TL, BNP, β-MHC, LC3-II, Beclin-1 ⬆ LVSP, p-Akt, p-PI3K, p-ERK	[63]
Primary neonatal rat cardiac myocytes	AngII 100 nM for 48 h	25, 50 and 100 μM for 48 h	Improving the function of CMECs, improving cardiac function	⬇ LVPWd, LVIDd/s, BNP, β-MHC, caspase-3, RIP3 ⬆FS, EF, cardiac microvascular density, p-eNOS/eNOS, PECAM-1, Ang-2, PDGFR-β, NO, p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, Akt	[64]
Male Wistar rats with pathological cardiac hypertrophy	Abdominal aortic constriction	5, 10, and 2 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection for 4 consecutive weeks
CMECs	Ang II 100 nM for 24 h	25, 50, and 100 μM for 24 h

AngII angiotensin II, Ang-2 angiopoietin-2, BNP b-type natriuretic peptide, β-MHC β-myosin heavy chain, CMECs cardiac microvascular endothelial cells, CTGF connective tissue growth factor, ERK1/2 extracellular signal-regulated kinase, GSK3β glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, HW/BW heart weight to body weight ratio, LVEDP left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, LVESD left ventricular end-systolic internal diameter, LVPWd left ventricular posterior wall diastolic thicknesses, LVSP left ventricular systolic pressure, LVW/BW left ventricle weight to body weight ratio, HW/TL heart weight to tibia length ratio, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, Myh7 myosin heavy chain 7, Nrf2 nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2, PDGFR-β platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β, PECAM-1 platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, p-GSK3β p-glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, RIP3 receptor interacting protein 3, T-AOC total antioxidant capability, γ-GCS γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase