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. 2024 Jun 29;23:134. doi: 10.1186/s12943-024-02045-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Synergies of engineered natural killer cell-derived exosomes with other tumor therapies. (a, b) Combined potentiation of natural killer cell-derived engineered exosomes with radiotherapy. (c) Natural killer cell-derived engineered exosomes facilitate chemotherapeutic drug delivery. (d) Natural killer cell-derived engineered exosomes are used in combination with photodynamic therapy to promote precise drug release. (e) Natural killer cell-derived engineered exosomes are used in combination with photothermal therapy treatment to control the release of tumor drugs. (f) Natural killer cell-derived engineered exosomes deliver immune substances into tumor cells. (g) Natural killer cell-derived engineered exosomes enter tumor cells and regulate gene expression. (h) Natural killer cell-derived engineered exosomes for precision therapy