Fig 3.

A clinical study to examine the effect of matcha mouthwash on periodontal diseases. (A) Flow diagram of study protocol. Forty-five subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled between March 2021 and February 2022. They were randomly divided into three groups, and given a powder containing one of the following three different agents: sodium azulene sulfonate hydrate (Grp. A), barley tea (Grp. B), or matcha (Grp. C). All 45 patients enrolled in the present study were followed up and analyzed, i.e., there were no dropouts. (B) Visit protocol. Informed consent was obtained from all the patients who completed initial periodontal therapy. The intervention was performed during the period of supportive periodontal therapy for each patient. The patients prepared the mouthwash with tap water by themselves, and used it twice a day for 1 month, according to the dentist’s instructions. Oral examination was performed and saliva samples were collected before and after the intervention.