Fig 4.

Differences in species abundances of the four genera included in the administered probiotic preparation. Time points analyzed were as follows: baseline (T0), 10 days of GFD (T1), 4 days of 50 mg/day gluten intake (T2), 4 days of 1 g/day gluten intake (T3), 4 days of 3 g/day gluten intake (T4), and 20 days of 10 g/day gluten intake (T5), of which the last 10 days were the wash-out (T6). Panels: (A) Bacillus, (B) Lactiplantibacillus, (C) Lacticaseibacillus, and (D) Limosilactobacillus. Pairwise Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare means of placebo and probiotic groups (P < 0.05). To validate the presence of probiotic species in fecal samples, we conducted BLAST analysis on OTUs assigned to Lactobacillaceae and Bacillaceae families, ensuring >99% sequence similarity with the reference genomes of the probiotic species.