Table 5. Adjusted odds ratios for the factors associated with depression, loneliness, and cognitive impairment among the study participants (n = 384).

* P < 0.001.

Variable	Adjusted odds ratio for loneliness among the elderly	Adjusted odds ratio for depression among the elderly	Adjusted odds ratio for cognitive impairment among elderly
Age > 80 years	2.82 (0.45, 3.82)	2.39 (1.11, 5.13)	2.82 (0.54, 4.85)
Gender	1.39 (0.66, 2.90)	0.90 (0.41, 1.98)	2.38 (0.82, 6.91)
Educational status	1.84 (1.05, 3.23)	1.29 (0.69, 2.43)	2.85 (1.35, 4.45)
Type of resident area	0.30 (0.17, 0.53)*	0.12 (0.06, 0.24)*	0.18 (0.04, 0.81)
Living with spouse	0.24 (0.14 0.41)*	0.26 (0.14, 0.50)*	0.23 (0.11, 0.78)
Smoking	1.86 (0.98, 3.54)	2.04 (1.02, 4.08)	0.57 (0.21, 1.59)
Alcohol consumption	1.14 (0.64, 2.03)	1.73 (0.92, 3.25)	0.35 (0.14, 0.87)
Depression	___________	___________	4.49 (1.37, 14.67)