Table 2.

Impact of antihypertensive drugs on fibroblasts and fibrosis

Drugs	Effect on Fibrosis	Direct Action on Fibroblasts
Alamandine	↓ (104)	Inhibit ANG II-induced fibroblast activation (104)
Calcium channel blockers	↓ (105–112)	Fibroblast apoptosis (112, 113)
Angiotensin receptor blockers	↓ (114–120)	Fibroblast apoptosis (112, 117, 121, 122)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors	↓ (105, 111, 114, 119, 120, 123–126)	Fibroblast apoptosis (112, 121), shift fibroblast clusters to lower activation states (17)
Beta blockers	↓/↔ (105, 111, 127–129) (class specific)	Fibroblast apoptosis (112)
Neprilysin inhibitor (sacubitril) and angiotensin receptor blocker (valsartan)	↓ (116)	PKG restoration and inhibition of Rho activation (116)