Table 3.

Proinflammatory cytokines in preeclampsia and PPCM.

	Role in preeclampsia and PPCM	Ref.
TNF-α	• Higher TNF-α levels were associated with lower mean LVEF • Degenerative changes and an increase in inflammation in decidua cells in preeclamptic placental villi • Affects the functioning of endothelial cells by increasing the vascular permeability and induces apoptosis of the trophoblastic cells	[54–58]
IL-1β	• The NLRP3 inflammasome generates ROS and has an impact on endothelial damage and systemic inflammation • IL-1β could induce PTX3 upregulation, which led to the inhibition of the proliferation, invasion, and cell cycle of trophoblasts • IL-1β causes atrophy, impairs contractility and relaxation, and decreases the deformation of cardiomyocytes	[59–62]
IL-6	IL-6 and its receptor trans-signaling represent an important cytokine axis in the pathogenesis of inflammation-associated disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and IUGR	[52, 63–65]