Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the enrolled patients on day-1.
| Characteristics | ACLF-1 (n = 394) | ACLF-2 (n = 103) | ACLF-3 (n = 21) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 344 (87.31%) | 79 (76.70%) | 17 (80.9%) | 0.024 |
| Age (years) | 48.00 (39.00,57.00) | 50.00 (42.00,59.00) | 51.00 (43.00,53.00) | 0.335 |
| Vital signs | ||||
| MAP (mmHg) | 84.00 (76.84,92.75) | 85.67 (77.00,95.00) | 82.63 (78.57,91.83) | 0.626 |
| SPO2 (%) | 98.00 (97.00,99.00) | 98.00 (96.00,99.00) | 97.00 (96.50,98.00) | 0.265 |
| Complications | ||||
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 1 (0.25%) | 19 (18.45%) | 16 (76.19%) | < 0.001 |
| Hepatorenal syndrome | 4 (1.02%) | 9 (8.74%) | 6 (28.57%) | < 0.001 |
| I nfection | 98 (24.87%) | 28 (27。18%) | 5 (23.81%) | 0.880 |
| Gastrointestinal haemorrhage | 9 (2.28%) | 4 (3.88%) | 2 (9.52%) | 0.125 |
| Severity scores | ||||
| COSH-ACLF-IIs | 5.62 ± 0.70 | 6.52 ± 0.67 | 7.16 ± 1.03 | < 0.001 |
| COSSH-ACLFs | 5.75 (5.37,6.07) | 6.50 (6.16,6.96) | 7.32 (6.11,8.19) | < 0.001 |
| CLIF-C ACLFs | 38.27 ± 5.94 | 44.51 ± 6.00 | 45.29 ± 9.99 | < 0.001 |
| MELD | 20.74 (19.02,22.68) | 25.64 (23.41,28.44) | 29.38 (23.59,36.21) | < 0.001 |
| MELD-Na | 21.83 ± 3.33 | 26.80 ± 4.97 | 31.09 ± 8.10 | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Total protein (g/L) | 57.45 (53.30,62.00) | 59.20 (54.40,64.10) | 56.60 (53.95,63.55) | 0.069 |
| Globulin (g/L) | 25.85 (22.08,30.40) | 27.80 (23.30,32.90) | 27.90 (24.45,33.85) | 0.037 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 250.00 (103.75,543.50) | 265.00 (99.00,718.00) | 337.00 (107.50,657.00) | 0.733 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 158.50 (91.75,310.25) | 190.00 (96.00,423.00) | 234.00 (93.50,430.50) | 0.313 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 138.00 (109.00,169.00) | 147.00 (121.00,176.00) | 145.00 (119.50,163.00) | 0.165 |
| Total bile acid (μmol/L) | 250.25 (173.63,329.68) | 251.00 (166.00,328.40) | 247.60 (157.45,419.85) | 0.888 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 316.05 (251.80,398.93) | 322.30 (258.00,428.00) | 325.80 (273.85,445.20) | 0.403 |
| Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) | 247.25 (198.45,317.23) | 233.30 (184.40,308.70) | 229.30 (184.10,308.45) | 0.320 |
| Indirect bilirubin (μmol/L) | 62.95 (45.28,87.65) | 84.30 (62.80,115.00) | 108.10 (83.30,151.55) | < 0.001 |
| Glutamyl transferase (U/L) | 88.00 (62.00,129.50) | 79.00 (49.00,117.00) | 55.00 (35.00,68.50) | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 62.00 (54.00,72.00) | 65.00 (56.00,77.00) | 79.00 (55.00,144.00) | 0.012 |
| Serum urea (mmol/L) | 3.97 (2.96,5.22) | 4.23 (2.90,6.28) | 5.70 (2.89,14.68) | 0.060 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.41 (1.10,1.85) | 1.04 (0.91,1.26) | 1.00 (0.90,1.10) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.27 (1.79,2.74) | 1.90 (1.55,2.49) | 1.62 (1.34,2.04) | < 0.001 |
| High density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 0.18 (0.13,0.24) | 0.23 (0.17,0.30) | 0.24 (0.19,0.28) | < 0.001 |
| Low density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 0.63 (0.32,1.13) | 0.88 (0.55,1.35) | 0.82 (0.35,1.18) | 0.002 |
| Very low density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.23 (0.85,1.73) | 0.77 (0.42,1.00) | 0.52 (0.37,0.93) | < 0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.30 (3.58,5.47) | 4.08 (2.87,5.21) | 4.12 (3.14,6.20) | 0.041 |
| K (mmol/L) | 4.05 (3.69,4.44) | 4.04 (3.61,4.48) | 4.09 (3.78,4.65) | 0.645 |
| Na (mmol/L) | 138.00 (136.00,140.00) | 138.00 (136.00,141.00) | 138.00 (133.50,140.50) | 0.571 |
| Cl (mmol/L) | 102.00 (100.00,105.00) | 102.00 (99.00,105.00) | 100.00 (95.50,105.00) | 0.303 |
| Ca (mmol/L) | 2.07 (1.99,2.15) | 2.07 (1.94,2.17) | 2.06 (1.97,2.18) | 0.918 |
| P (mmol/L) | 0.95 (0.81,1.10) | 0.93 (0.78,1.06) | 0.97 (0.76,1.32) | 0.418 |
| White blood cell (109/L) | 6.40 (4.70,8.60) | 7.70 (5.80,9.50) | 9.50 (6.95,12.80) | < 0.001 |
| Neutrophil (109/L) | 4.30 (3.10,6.10) | 5.20 (3.50,7.20) | 7.20 (4.90,10.30) | < 0.001 |
| Lymphocyte (109/L) | 1.10 (0.78,1.53) | 1.16 (0.77,1.59) | 1.24 (0.71,1.60) | 0.861 |
| Monocyte (109/L) | 0.66 (0.43,0.86) | 0.79 (0.55,1.05) | 1.01 (0.71,1.35) | < 0.001 |
| Eosinophil (109/L) | 0.06 (0.03,0.10) | 0.04 (0.01,0.10) | 0.04 (0.01,0.10) | 0.034 |
| Basophil (109/L) | 0.02 (0.01,0.04) | 0.02 (0.01,0.04) | 0.02 (0.02,0.04) | 0.243 |
| Red blood cell (1012/L) | 3.99 (3.52,4.43) | 3.91 (3.35,4.36) | 3.71 (3.09,4.51) | 0.399 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 128.00 (115.00,138.00) | 122.00 (110.00,140.00) | 117.00 (99.50,136.00) | 0.104 |
| Haematocrit (%) | 36.40 (32.48,39.13) | 34.90 (30.80,40.60) | 32.90 (29.00,38.25) | 0.062 |
| Platelet count (109/L) | 102.00 (73.00,138.25) | 105.00 (73.00,132.00) | 131.00 (68.50,163.50) | 0.489 |
| INR | 1.80 (1.59,2.03) | 2.64 (2.45,3.00) | 2.86 (2.66,3.34) | < 0.001 |
| Fibrin (g/L) | 1.44 (1.19,1.74) | 1.02 (0.84,1.25) | 0.86 (0.67,1.00) | < 0.001 |
| Prothrombin time (s) | 20.40 (18.20,22.80) | 29.60 (26.40,32.60) | 32.10 (29.20,36.90) | < 0.001 |
| D-Dimer (ug/L) | 1693.50 (808.75,3171.25) | 3285.00 (1915.00,5293.00) | 4158.00 (2824.00,5387.50) | < 0.001 |
| Organ failures | ||||
| Liver | 391 (99.24%) | 98 (95.15%) | 21 (100.00%) | 0.009 |
| Kidneys | 1 (0.25%) | 6 (5.83%) | 5 (23.81%) | < 0.001 |
| Coagulation | 1 (0.25%) | 81 (78.64%) | 21 (100.00%) | < 0.001 |
| Brain | 1 (0.25%) | 19 (18.45%) | 16 (76.19%) | < 0.001 |
| Circulation | 0 | 2 (1.94%) | 2 (9.52%) | < 0.001 |
| Lungs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
| LT-free mortality | ||||
| 28-day | 64 (16.24%) | 56 (54.37%) | 18 (85.71%) | < 0.001 |
| 90-day | 101 (25.63%) | 67 (65.05%) | 19 (90.48%) | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as the means ± SD, medians with (p25, p75), or numbers of patients (percentages).
ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure; MAP, Mean artery pressure; COSSH-ACLFs, COSSH-ACLF score; COSH-ACLF-IIs, COSSH-ACLF II score; CLIF-C ACLFs, CLIF Consortium ACLF score; MELD, Model for end-stage liver disease. LT, liver transplantation.
P value of comparisons across grades (ACLF-1, ACLF-2 and ACLF-3).