Table 2.
Comparison of variable characteristics between the survival group and death groups on day-1.
| Characteristics | 28-day survival group (n = 380) | 28-day death group (n = 138) | P | 90-day survival group (n = 331) | 90-day death group (n = 187) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 331 (87.10%) | 109 (78.99%) | 0.032 | 292 (88.22%) | 148 (79.14%) | 0.006 |
| Age (years) | 46.99 ± 11.54 | 54.38 ± 10.85 | < 0.001 | 46.00 (38.00,55.00) | 54.00 (47.00,60.00) | < 0.001 |
| Therapies | ||||||
| Vasopressors | 0 | 4 (2.90%) | < 0.001 | 0 | 4 (2.14%) | 0.008 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
| Complications | ||||||
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 12 (3.16%) | 24 (17.39%) | < 0.001 | 9 (2.72%) | 27 (14.44%) | < 0.001 |
| Hepatorenal syndrome | 7 (1.84%) | 12 (8.70%) | < 0.001 | 5 (1.51%) | 14 (7.49%) | < 0.001 |
| Infection | 89 (23.42%) | 42 (30.43%) | 0.105 | 73 (22.05%) | 58 (31.02%) | 0.024 |
| Gastrointestinal haemorrhage | 5 (1.32%) | 10 (7.25%) | < 0.001 | 5 (1.51%) | 10 (5.35%) | 0.012 |
| Severity scores | ||||||
| COSH-ACLF-IIs | 5.61 ± 0.69 | 6.57 ± 0.78 | < 0.001 | 5.54 ± 0.67 | 6.43 ± 0.80 | < 0.001 |
| COSSH-ACLFs | 5.75 (5.37,6.07) | 6.48 (6.07,6.94) | < 0.001 | 5.70 (5.33,6.03) | 6.39 (5.90,6.84) | < 0.001 |
| CLIF-C ACLFs | 38.10 ± 5.86 | 44.47 ± 6.77 | < 0.001 | 37.68 ± 5.77 | 43.54 ± 6.68 | < 0.001 |
| MELD | 21.12 (19.23,23.49) | 23.49 (20.51,27.47) | < 0.001 | 20.93 (19.12,23.00) | 23.38 (20.44,26.90) | < 0.001 |
| MELD-Na | 22.09 (20.02,24.50) | 24.73 (21.52,28.91) | < 0.001 | 21.85 (19.88,24.01) | 24.25 (21.50,28.26) | < 0.001 |
| Vital signs | ||||||
| MAP (mmHg) | 84.00 (76.67,92.95) | 86.83 (79.48,96.08) | 0.027 | 83.67 (76.67,92.00) | 85.67 (78.00,95.00) | 0.095 |
| SPO2 (%) | 98.00 (97.00,99.00) | 98.00 (96.00,98.00) | 0.003 | 98.00 (97.00,99.00) | 98.00 (96.00,98.00) | 0.024 |
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| Total protein (g/L) | 57.75 (53.60,62.50) | 58.25 (53.90,63.25) | 0.599 | 57.70 (53.60,62.50) | 58.10 (53.90,63.10) | 0.834 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 31.20 (28.50,34.00) | 30.40 (28.55,33.40) | 0.306 | 31.40 (28.90,34.20) | 30.30 (28.10,33.40) | 0.027 |
| Globulin (g/L) | 26.15 (22.30,30.68) | 26.55 (22.40,32.05) | 0.323 | 25.80 (22.10,30.70) | 27.20 (22.80,31.60) | 0.168 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 250.00 (103.25,579.00) | 279.50 (103.75,582.00) | 0.634 | 262.00 (105.00,589.00) | 267.00 (99.00,576.00) | 0.802 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 156.00 (91.00,284.75) | 230.50 (96.00,430.00) | 0.014 | 155.00 (92.00,283.00) | 200.00 (95.00,420.00) | 0.034 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 138.00 (109.00,167.75) | 145.00 (116.00,176.00) | 0.138 | 140.00 (109.00,168.00) | 143.00 (114.00,175.00) | 0.360 |
| Total bile acid (μmol/L) | 250.25 (174.13,325.18) | 249.30 (164.83,347.63) | 0.720 | 254.90 (176.30,330.50) | 246.00 (164.30,336.80) | 0.536 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 306.90 (251.38,394.23) | 345.05 (276.35,430.03) | 0.004 | 297.40 (249.40,382.20) | 348.90 (278.30,436.80) | < 0.001 |
| Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) | 239.10 (194.93,307.50) | 263.45 (191.85,329.23) | 0.158 | 232.80 (193.00,290.50) | 267.00 (198.70,338.00) | 0.003 |
| Indirect bilirubin (μmol/L) | 64.25 (46.60,88.40) | 82.80 (57.10,115.25) | < 0.001 | 62.80 (45.40,87.50) | 79.40 (56.80,113.30) | < 0.001 |
| Glutamyl transferase (U/L) | 87.00 (60.00,126.00) | 76.00 (51.00,122.00) | 0.072 | 87.00 (60.00,124.00) | 76.00 (51.00,126.00) | 0.161 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 63.00 (56.00,73.75) | 61.00 (51.00,77.00) | 0.342 | 63.00 (56.00,73.00) | 62.00 (53.00,77.00) | 0.793 |
| Serum urea (mmol/L) | 3.80 (2.86,5.12) | 4.72 (3.22,7.31) | < 0.001 | 3.74 (2.81,5.02) | 4.67 (3.25,6.63) | < 0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.36 (1.07,1.82) | 1.09 (0.94,1.47) | < 0.001 | 1.37 (1.08,1.82) | 1.14 (0.98,1.60) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.23 (1.76,2.71) | 1.97 (1.56,2.64) | < 0.001 | 2.25 (1.80,2.70) | 1.99 (1.55,2.68) | < 0.001 |
| High density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 0.19 (0.13,0.24) | 0.21 (0.15,0.28) | 0.003 | 0.19 (0.13,0.24) | 0.20 (0.15,0.28) | 0.046 |
| Low density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 0.70 (0.33,1.18) | 0.74 (0.43,1.21) | 0.312 | 0.70 (0.34,1.19) | 0.69 (0.39,1.16) | 0.771 |
| Very low density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.18 (0.83,1.71) | 0.81 (0.52,1.29) | < 0.001 | 1.20 (0.83,1.71) | 0.90 (0.56,1.34) | < 0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.16 (3.47,5.30) | 4.51 (3.30,6.38) | 0.157 | 4.19 (3.53,5.25) | 4.37 (3.30,6.20) | 0.304 |
| K (mmol/L) | 4.05 (3.69,4.44) | 4.06 (3.58,4.50) | 0.971 | 4.06 (3.71,4.44) | 4.02(3.58,4.45) | 0.477 |
| Na (mmol/L) | 138.00 (136.00,140.00) | 138.00 (135.00,140.00) | 0.140 | 138.00 (136.00,140.00) | 138.00 (135.00,140.00) | 0.155 |
| Cl (mmol/L) | 102.00 (100.00,105.00) | 101.00 (98.00,104.00) | 0.004 | 103.00 (100.00,105.00) | 101.00 (99.00,104.00) | < 0.001 |
| Ca (mmol/L) | 2.07 (1.99,2.15) | 2.06 (1.96,2.17) | 0.415 | 2.07 (1.99,2.15) | 2.06 (1.97,2.16) | 0.429 |
| P (mmol/L) | 0.96 (0.83,1.11) | 0.91 (0.74,1.09) | 0.037 | 0.97 (0.83,1.11) | 0.89(0.73,1.09) | 0.001 |
| White blood cell (109/L) | 6.50 (4.70,8.60) | 7.45 (5.95,10.00) | 0.001 | 6.50 (4.70,8.70) | 7.20 (5.60,9.40) | 0.008 |
| Neutrophil (109/L) | 4.30 (3.00,6.20) | 5.20 (3.70,7.25) | < 0.001 | 4.30 (3.00,6.10) | 5.10 (3.50,7.00) | < 0.001 |
| Lymphocyte (109/L) | 1.14 (0.82,1.59) | 1.06 (0.69,1.45) | 0.055 | 1.16 (0.84,1.61) | 1.03 (0.70,1.43) | 0.004 |
| Monocyte (109/L) | 0.66 (0.44,0.88) | 0.78 (0.54,1.05) | 0.001 | 0.66 (0.44,0.88) | 0.73 (0.51,1.02) | 0.006 |
| Eosinophil (109/L) | 0.06 (0.02,0.11) | 0.05 (0.02,0.10) | 0.056 | 0.06 (0.03,0.11) | 0.05 (0.02,0.09) | 0.059 |
| Basophil (109/L) | 0.02 (0.01,0.04) | 0.02 (0.01,0.04) | 0.498 | 0.02 (0.01,0.04) | 0.02 (0.01,0.04) | 0.102 |
| Red blood cell (1012/L) | 4.00 (3.52,4.46) | 3.84 (3.46,4.34) | 0.073 | 4.00 (3.56,4.46) | 3.91 (3.42,4.34) | 0.081 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 128.00 (113.00,138.00) | 123.00 (112.00,137.00) | 0.145 | 128.00 (115.00,138.00) | 123.00 (110.00,137.00) | 0.112 |
| Haematocrit (%) | 36.30 (32.40,39.20) | 35.15 (31.10,39.00) | 0.105 | 36.40 (32.80,39.20) | 34.90 (31.10,39.20) | 0.068 |
| Platelet count (109/L) | 105.50 (73.00,139.75) | 98.00 (65.00,132.50) | 0.087 | 102.00 (74.00,143.00) | 96.00 (65.00,130.00) | 0.002 |
| INR | 1.82 (1.59,2.08) | 2.38 (1.95,2.86) | < 0.001 | 1.80 (1.58,2.07) | 2.21 (1.83,2.69) | < 0.001 |
| Fibrin (g/L) | 1.39 (1.13,1.71) | 1.10 (0.90,1.57) | < 0.001 | 1.39 (1.13,1.76) | 1.22 (0.93,1.57) | < 0.001 |
| Prothrombin time (s) | 20.80 (18.30,23.40) | 26.70 (21.45,31.38) | < 0.001 | 20.50 (18.20,23.20) | 25.10 (20.07,30.01) | < 0.001 |
| D-Dimer (ug/L) | 1615.50 (737.00,3099.25) | 3255.00 (1967.50,5449.00) | < 0.001 | 1474.00 (711.00,2981.00) | 3091.00 (1742.00,5101.00) | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as the means ± SD, medians with (p25, p75), or numbers of patients (percentages).
ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure; MAP, Mean artery pressure; COSSH-ACLFs, COSSH-ACLF score; COSH-ACLF-IIs, COSSH-ACLF II score; CLIF-C ACLFs, CLIF Consortium ACLF score; MELD, Model for end-stage liver disease. LT, liver transplantation.