Table 3.
Clinical characteristics of the enrolled patients on day-3.
| Characteristics | Non-ACLF (n = 133) | ACLF-1 (n = 225) | ACLF-2 (n = 118) | ACLF-3 (n = 42) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 111 (83.46%) | 193 (85.78%) | 101 (85.59%) | 35 (83.33%) | 0.924 |
| Age (years) | 48.49 ± 12.79 | 47.72 ± 11.32 | 50.97 ± 11.65 | 51.4 ± 10.926 | 0.051 |
| Vital signs | |||||
| MAP (mmHg) | 87.67 (76.83,94.67) | 90.00 (79.50,94.33) | 91.17 (77.25,95.75) | 87.83 (73.33,95.83) | 0.753 |
| SPO2 (%) | 98.00 (98.00,99.00) | 98.00 (97.50,99.00) | 98.00 (97.00,99.00) | 97.00 (96.50,98.00) | < 0.001 |
| Complications | |||||
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 0 | 5 (2.22%) | 24 (20.34%) | 37 (88.10%) | < 0.001 |
| Hepatorenal syndrome | 1 (0.75%) | 3 (1.33%) | 5 (8.48%) | 14 (33.33%) | < 0.001 |
| Infection | 39 (29.32%) | 76 (33.78%) | 52 (42.37%) | 22 (52.38%) | 0.011 |
| Gastrointestinal haemorrhage | 6 (4.51%) | 8 (3.56%) | 11 (9.32%) | 5 (11.91%) | 0.046 |
| Severity scores | |||||
| COSH-ACLF-IIs | 5.49 (4.90,6.03) | 5.61 (5.10,6.11) | 6.38 (5.77,6.97) | 6.85 (6.44,8.49) | < 0.001 |
| COSSH-ACLFs | 5.30 (4.91,5.74) | 5.52 (5.13,5.93) | 6.30 (5.82,6.79) | 7.67 (6.59,9.03) | < 0.001 |
| CLIF-C ACLFs | 37.84 ± 6.03 | 39.12 ± 5.60 | 43.83 ± 6.96 | 50.18 ± 8.43 | < 0.001 |
| MELD | 17.52 (15.59,20.26) | 19.85 (17.74,21.95) | 23.55 (21.47,27.54) | 30.87 (24.95,43.96) | < 0.001 |
| MELD-Na | 18.68 (16.39,22.06) | 20.83 (18.33,24.05) | 24.86 (21.96,28.30) | 29.90 (25.54,42.85) | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory data | |||||
| Total protein (g/L) | 56.80 (52.55,60.55) | 56.80 (51.95,61.50) | 56.90 (52.18,61.35) | 55.55 (52.73,59.28) | 0.759 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 31.70 (29.15,34.35) | 31.10 (29.40,33.10) | 31.00 (28.98,33.28) | 31.85 (29.00,34.30) | 0.281 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 98.00 (58.00,163.00) | 126.00 (66.00,245.00) | 108.00 (54.00,199.50) | 157.00 (74.50,385.25) | 0.003 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 74.00 (50.50,116.50) | 82.00 (56.50,129.00) | 87.50 (59.00,149.25) | 106.50 (78.75,228.00) | < 0.001 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 121.00 (97.00,146.50) | 125.00 (102.50,150.00) | 127.00 (105.75,150.25) | 114.00 (94.25,135.25) | 0.037 |
| Total bile acid (μmol/L) | 152.10 (114.15,175.00) | 256.40 (198.20,351.95) | 308.50 (224.25,370.45) | 291.40 (201.20,353.13) | < 0.001 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 243.60 (181.00,320.75) | 291.30 (228.55,386.55) | 308.50 (224.25,370.45) | 431.40 (335.85,521.58) | < 0.001 |
| Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) | 185.80 (141.15,241.35) | 224.10 (175.85,302.50) | 244.95 (180.80,312.90) | 310.45 (213.78,374.73) | < 0.001 |
| Indirect bilirubin (μmol/L) | 49.10 (35.00,70.95) | 58.80 (37.80,89.40) | 84.70 (56.80,108.75) | 131.40 (69.13,196.10) | < 0.001 |
| Glutamyl transferase (U/L) | 75.00 (53.00,107.00) | 72.00 (49.00,110.50) | 59.00 (39.75,80.00) | 55.50 (42.50,79.50) | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 63.00 (52.00,75.41) | 64.00 (54.50,75.82) | 63.50 (52.00,77.00) | 87.00 (55.00,196.25) | < 0.001 |
| Serum urea (mmol/L) | 4.85 (3.96,6.30) | 4.35 (3.46,5.81) | 5.15 (3.64,6.60) | 5.68 (3.90,13.60) | 0.003 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.57 (1.14,2.13) | 1.31 (1.00,1.87) | 0.97 (0.80,1.15) | 1.05 (0.85,1.24) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.95 (2.24,3.58) | 2.53 (2.02,3.33) | 2.11 (1.52,2.62) | 1.75 (1.13,2.67) | < 0.001 |
| High density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 0.22 (0.14,0.40) | 0.20 (0.14,0.33) | 0.26 (0.17,0.34) | 0.20 (0.13,0.29) | 0.025 |
| Low density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.07 (0.47,2.12) | 1.00 (0.40,1.87) | 1.06 (0.52,1.69) | 0.85 (0.47,1.40) | 0.559 |
| Very low density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.22 (0.75,1.83) | 1.08 (0.63,1.67) | 0.63 (0.38,0.90) | 0.60 (0.23,0.88) | < 0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.33 (4.34,6.37) | 4.96 (3.94,6.27) | 4.75 (3.55,6.88) | 4.01 (3.01,7.12) | 0.030 |
| K (mmol/L) | 4.01 (3.72,4.41) | 4.08 (3.75,4.46) | 4.09 (3.65,4.44) | 3.94 (3.60,4.83) | 0.653 |
| Na (mmol/L) | 138.00 (136.00,140.00) | 138.00 (136.00,140.00) | 139.00 (135.00,141.00) | 137.50 (135.00,141.00) | 0.621 |
| Cl (mmol/L) | 102.00 (99.00,104.00) | 102.00 (100.00,104.00) | 102.00 (99.00,104.00) | 99.50 (95.50,103.00) | 0.038 |
| Ca (mmol/L) | 2.07 (1.98,2.18) | 2.07 (1.99,2.15) | 2.08 (1.99,2.15) | 2.09 (1.99,2.19) | 0.767 |
| P (mmol/L) | 0.92 (0.79,1.07) | 0.93 (0.79,1.12) | 0.87 (0.74,1.09) | 1.10 (0.79,1.55) | 0.018 |
| White blood cell (109/L) | 6.70 (4.85,9.55) | 7.60 (5.75,10.55) | 7.75 (5.10,10.65) | 10.55 (6.05,13.78) | 0.001 |
| Neutrophil (109/L) | 5.40 (3.50,7.65) | 5.70 (3.60,8.55) | 5.70 (3.65,8.40) | 7.75 (4.73,11.10) | 0.007 |
| Lymphocyte (109/L) | 0.95 (0.70,11.30) | 1.02 (0.75,1.48) | 1.00 (0.66,1.38) | 0.99 (0.70,1.16) | 0.512 |
| Monocyte (109/L) | 0.53 (0.39,0.74) | 0.65 (0.44,0.87) | 0.70 (0.44,1.05) | 0.92 (0.56,1.43) | < 0.001 |
| Eosinophil (109/L) | 0.02 (0.00,0.09) | 0.02 (0.00,0.09) | 0.03 (0.00,0.09) | 0.03 (0.00,0.10) | 0.926 |
| Basophil (109/L) | 0.01 (0.01,0.03) | 0.02 (0.01,0.03) | 0.02 (0.01,0.03) | 0.02 (0.01,0.03) | 0.270 |
| Red blood cell (1012/L) | 3.58 (3.14,4.02) | 3.65 (3.16,54.11) | 3.43 (2.93,3.90) | 3.46 (3.07,4.15) | 0.122 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 113.00 (101.00,125.00) | 115.00 (103.00,129.00) | 110.00 (97.75,124.00) | 108.50 (95.25,132.25) | 0.190 |
| Haematocrit (%) | 31.90 (27.85,35.55) | 32.80 (29.40,36.50) | 31.50 (27.45,35.58) | 31.00 (27.98,36.30) | 0.147 |
| Platelet count (109/L) | 88.00 (57.00,130.00) | 91.00 (60.50,130.00) | 74.50 (52.50,107.25) | 79.00 (49.50,113.00) | 0.005 |
| INR | 1.55 (1.36,1.73) | 1.70 (1.51,1.92) | 2.30 (2.07,2.59) | 3.04 (2.23,4.09) | < 0.001 |
| Fibrin (g/L) | 1.62 (1.34,1.98) | 1.54 (1.22,1.87) | 1.08 (0.85,1.37) | 0.89 (0.50,1.12) | < 0.001 |
| Prothrombin time (s) | 17.70 (15.55,19.80) | 19.50 (17.15,21.50) | 25.50 (23.35,28.73) | 33.95 (25.43,41.68) | < 0.001 |
| D-Dimer (ug/L) | 1696.00 (795.50,3317.00) | 2295.00 (1017.00,4117.00) | 4385.00 (2427.75,6862.25) | 4472.00 (3247.50,7500.25) | < 0.001 |
| Organ failures | |||||
| Liver | 0 | 169 (75.11%) | 94 (79.66%) | 34 (80.95%) | 0.016 |
| Kidneys | 0 | 3 (1.33%) | 3 (2.54%) | 15 (35.71%) | < 0.001 |
| Coagulation | 0 | 48 (21.33%) | 114 (96.61%) | 42 (100.00%) | < 0.001 |
| Brain | 0 | 5 (2.22%) | 24 (20.34%) | 37 (88.10%) | < 0.001 |
| Circulation | 0 | 0 | 0.85% (1) | 6 (14.29%) | < 0.001 |
| Lungs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (4.76%) | < 0.001 |
| LT-free mortality | |||||
| 28-day | 10 (7.52%) | 32 (14.22%) | 59 (50.00%) | 37 (88.10%) | < 0.001 |
| 90-day | 21 (15.79%) | 57 (25.33%) | 72 (61.02%) | 37 (88.10%) | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as the means ± SD, medians with (p25, p75), or numbers of patients (percentages).
ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure; MAP, Mean artery pressure; COSSH-ACLFs, COSSH-ACLF score; COSH-ACLF-IIs, COSSH-ACLF II score; CLIF-C ACLFs, CLIF Consortium ACLF score; MELD, Model for end-stage liver disease. LT, liver transplantation.
P value of comparisons across grades (ACLF-1, ACLF-2 and ACLF-3).