Table 4.
Comparison of variable characteristics between the survival group and death groups on day-3.
| Characteristics | 28-day survival group (n = 380) | 28-day death group (n = 138) | P | 90-day survival group (n = 331) | 90-day death group (n = 187) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 331 (87.11%) | 109 (78.99%) | 0.022 | 292 (88.22%) | 148 (79.14%) | 0.006 |
| Age (years) | 46.99 ± 11.54 | 54.38 ± 10.85 | < 0.001 | 46.00 (38.00,55.00) | 54.00 (47.00,60.00) | < 0.001 |
| Therapies | ||||||
| Vasopressors | 0 | 7 (5.07%) | < 0.001 | 0 | 7 (3.74%) | < 0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 0 | 2 (1.45%) | 0.019 | 0 | 2 (1.07%) | 0.059 |
| Complications | ||||||
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 3.42% (13) | 38.41% (53) | < 0.001 | 3.32% (11) | 29.41% (55) | < 0.001 |
| Hepatorenal syndrome | 1.32% (5) | 13.04% (18) | < 0.001 | 1.21% (4) | 10.16% (19) | < 0.001 |
| Infection | 33.42% (127) | 44.93% (62) | 0.016 | 32.33% (107) | 43.85% (82) | 0.009 |
| Gastrointestinal haemorrhage | 3.68% (14) | 11.59% (16) | < 0.001 | 2.42% (8) | 11.76% (22) | < 0.001 |
| Severity scores | ||||||
| COSH-ACLF-IIs | 5.56 (5.04,6.03) | 6.76 (6.30,7.32) | < 0.001 | 5.50 (4.98,5.93) | 6.55 (6.04,7.19) | < 0.001 |
| COSSH-ACLFs | 5.48 (5.10,5.91) | 6.61 (6.10,7.49) | < 0.001 | 5.39 (5.04,5.82) | 6.34 (5.84,7.21) | < 0.001 |
| CLIF-C ACLFs | 38.56 ± 5.60 | 46.83 ± 7.73 | < 0.001 | 38.29 ± 5.61 | 45.14 ± 7.68 | < 0.001 |
| MELD | 19.61 (16.97,22.12) | 24.39 (20.55,30.93) | < 0.001 | 19.13 (16.50,21.64) | 23.58 (20.30,28.66) | < 0.001 |
| MELD-Na | 20.65 (17.84,23.60) | 26.08 (21.02,31.51) | < 0.001 | 20.41 (17.55,23.24) | 24.98 (20.84,29.11) | < 0.001 |
| Vital signs | ||||||
| MAP (mmHg) | 89.33 (78.00,94.67) | 89.83 (77.67,95.75) | 0.545 | 89.33 (78.67,94.67) | 89.67 (76.67,95.67) | 0.935 |
| SPO2 (%) | 98.00 (98.00,99.00) | 98.00 (97.00,99.00) | 0.002 | 98.00 (98.00,99.00) | 98.00 (97.00,99.00) | 0.003 |
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| Total protein (g/L) | 56.80 (52.80,61.18) | 56.15 (51.30,61.23) | 0.226 | 57.00 (52.80,61.40) | 56.20 (51.70,60.30) | 0.106 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 31.30 (29.23,33.80) | 31.20 (28.90,33.83) | 0.734 | 31.30 (29.20,33.80) | 31.10 (28.90,33.80) | 0.236 |
| Globulin (g/L) | 25.00 (21.93,29.20) | 24.35 (19.48,29.40) | 0.121 | 25.10 (21.90,29.20) | 24.40 (20.50,29.30) | 0.743 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 110.50 (61.00,205.50) | 118.00 (68.50,262.25) | 0.229 | 114.00 (61.00,212.00) | 111.00 (64.00,248.00) | 0.743 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 81.00 (54.00,124.00) | 99.50 (66.50,177.25) | < 0.001 | 80.00 (53.00,120.00) | 98.00 (62.00,168.00) | < 0.001 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 125.00 (102.25,148.00) | 125.00 (100.00,148.00) | 0.595 | 126.00 (103.00,149.00) | 123.00 (99.00,147.00) | 0.295 |
| Total bile acid (μmol/L) | 227.29 (157.53,315.50) | 247.60 (158.35,338.25) | 0.382 | 220.70 (158.00,315.70) | 247.60 (156.40,332.00) | 0.398 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 265.35 (202.60,360.30) | 379.50 (295.58,480.20) | < 0.001 | 258.50 (196.20,339.00) | 372.50 (293.30,477.30) | < 0.001 |
| Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) | 209.00 (159.53,274.18) | 275.85 (204.60,362.70) | < 0.001 | 198.10 (152.00,261.30) | 268.00 (213.30,355.20) | < 0.001 |
| Indirect bilirubin (μmol/L) | 57.40 (36.85,86.43) | 90.20 (56.65,136.00) | < 0.001 | 52.90 (35.00,81.50) | 86.80 (59.20,126.70) | < 0.001 |
| Glutamyl transferase (U/L) | 71.00 (50.25,103.00) | 57.50 (37.75,89.50) | < 0.001 | 72.00 (51.00,102.00) | 60.00 (40.00,94.00) | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 64.00 (54.00,75.00) | 67.00 (52.00,93.50) | 0.048 | 64.00 (54.00,74.00) | 67.00(52.00,86.00) | 0.076 |
| Serum urea (mmol/L) | 4.53 (3.61,5.74) | 5.79 (4.08,9.65) | < 0.001 | 4.43 (3.56,5.65) | 5.45 (4.10,8.27) | < 0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.28 (1.00,1.83) | 1.02 (0.85,1.33) | < 0.001 | 1.31 (1.01,1.88) | 1.06 (0.88,1.37) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.56 (2.01,3.36) | 2.16 (1.57,2.69) | < 0.001 | 2.57 (2.04,3.39) | 2.24 (1.52,2.83) | < 0.001 |
| High density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 0.21 (0.14,0.34) | 0.25 (0.16,0.36) | 0.136 | 0.21 (0.15,0.34) | 0.23 (0.15,0.35) | 0.391 |
| Low density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.01 (0.41,1.87) | 1.02 (0.54,1.59) | 0.683 | 1.01 (0.44,1.87) | 0.96 (0.45,1.69) | 0.455 |
| Very low density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.05 (0.63,1.64) | 0.65 (0.32,1.07) | < 0.001 | 1.09 (0.65,1.67) | 0.69 (0.34,1.16) | < 0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.85 (3.90,6.16) | 5.22 (3.94,7.85) | 0.034 | 4.84 (3.91,6.13) | 5.21 (3.92,7.77) | 0.011 |
| K (mmol/L) | 4.05 (3.75,4.44) | 4.04 (3.58,4.50) | 0.604 | 4.09 (3.81,4.44) | 3.99 (3.58,4.49) | 0.118 |
| Na (mmol/L) | 138.00 (136.00,140.00) | 138.50 (135.00,140.00) | 0.615 | 138.00 (136.00,140.00) | 138.00 (135.00,140.00) | 0.951 |
| Cl (mmol/L) | 102.00 (100.00,104.00) | 101.00 (98.00,104.00) | 0.033 | 102.00 (100.00,104.00) | 101.00 (98.00,104.00) | 0.004 |
| Ca (mmol/L) | 2.08 (1.99,2.15) | 2.08 (1.99,2.18) | 0.265 | 2.07 (1.99,2.15) | 2.08 (1.98,2.18) | 0.314 |
| P (mmol/L) | 0.93 (0.80,1.10) | 0.89 (0.72,1.14) | 0.302 | 0.95 (0.81,1.11) | 0.88 (0.71,1.11) | 0.034 |
| White blood cell (109/L) | 7.20 (5.20,9.70) | 9.00 (6.20,11.93) | < 0.001 | 7.10 (5.20,9.80) | 8.60 (6.10,11.30) | 0.003 |
| Neutrophil (109/L) | 5.30 (3.50,7.90) | 6.95 (4.50,9.90) | < 0.001 | 5.30 (3.50,7.93) | 6.50 (4.30,9.30) | < 0.001 |
| Lymphocyte (109/L) | 1.05 (0.76,1.47) | 0.87 (0.63,1.18) | < 0.001 | 1.08 (0.77,1.48) | 0.86 (0.62,1.23) | < 0.001 |
| Monocyte (109/L) | 0.60 (0.41,0.83) | 0.76 (0.48,1.11) | < 0.001 | 0.61 (0.42,0.83) | 0.71 (0.43,1.06) | 0.024 |
| Eosinophil (109/L) | 0.03 (0.00,0.09) | 0.01 (0.00,0.06) | 0.027 | 0.03 (0.00,0.09) | 0.01 (0.00,0.07) | 0.023 |
| Basophil (109/L) | 0.02 (0.01,0.03) | 0.01 (0.01,0.03) | 0.051 | 0.02 (0.01,0.03) | 0.01 (0.01,0.03) | 0.008 |
| Red blood cell (1012/L) | 3.63 (3.18,4.10) | 3.35 (2.95,3.90) | < 0.001 | 3.64 (3.19,4.08) | 3.38 (2.97,3.92) | 0.002 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 115.00 (103.00,128.00) | 108.00 (93.00,124.25) | 0.003 | 115.00 (103.00,128.00) | 109.00 (96.00,125.00) | 0.004 |
| Haematocrit (%) | 32.45 (29.13,36.30) | 31.15 (27.58,35.13) | 0.022 | 32.50 (29.30,36.30) | 31.10 (27.50,35.20) | 0.008 |
| Platelet count (109/L) | 88.00 (61.00,126.00) | 73.50 (46.00,113.00) | < 0.001 | 91.00 (61.00,130.00) | 71.00 (48.00,111.00) | < 0.001 |
| INR | 1.69 (1.47,1.95) | 2.30 (1.98,3.01) | < 0.001 | 1.65 (1.45,1.91) | 2.16 (1.89,2.72) | < 0.001 |
| Fibrin (g/L) | 1.51 (1.17,1.87) | 1.11 (0.83,1.49) | < 0.001 | 1.51 (1.17,1.87) | 1.20 (0.87,1.56) | < 0.001 |
| Prothrombin time (s) | 19.20 (17.00,21.90) | 25.90 (22.40,32.65) | < 0.001 | 18.80 (16.70,21.50) | 24.50 (21.30,30.40) | < 0.001 |
| D-Dimer (ug/L) | 2079.00 (951.25,3876.00) | 4484.00 (2946.50,7198.75) | < 0.001 | 2006.00 (856.00,3749.00) | 4220.00 (2404.00,7001.00) | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as the means ± SD, medians with (p25, p75), or numbers of patients (percentages).
ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure; MAP, Mean artery pressure; COSSH-ACLFs, COSSH-ACLF score; COSH-ACLF-IIs, COSSH-ACLF II score; CLIF-C ACLFs, CLIF Consortium ACLF score; MELD, Model for end-stage liver disease. LT, liver transplantation.