Fig. 1. Female sex exacerbates statin-induced changes in glucose homeostasis and grip strength in mouse.

a–c C57BL/6 J male and female mice were fed chow or chow containing simvastatin (0.1 g/kg) for 8 weeks. Daily food intake was assessed for 5 days during week 3 of the diet. Body weight was determined each week for 8 weeks. Percent weight gain (weight gain/body weight) was determined for each mouse at week 8. N = 8 independent mice/group for a, b, and 5 mice/group for c. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. d–e Independent cohorts of C57BL/6 J mice were fed chow or chow containing simvastatin for 2, 4, 8, or 16 weeks. d Fasting glucose and e area under the curve during a glucose tolerance test (GTT AUC) were determined for each cohort and are represented as mean ± SEM. The number of mice/group is indicated on bars in graphs. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA, and where significant, subsequent pair-wise comparisons were performed via unpaired two-sided t-test, with significant comparisons indicated above graphs. f Forelimb grip strength after 8 weeks statin treatment in female and male mice, with N for each group shown on bars in graph. Grip force is measured in grams (g). g Mitochondrial content in quadriceps muscle was assessed after 8 weeks statin treatment for N = 5 mice/group. All bars represent mean ± SEM. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA, and where significant, subsequent pair-wise comparisons were performed via unpaired two-sided t-test, with significant comparisons indicated on graphs. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.