Table 1.

Brief review on porpoising behavior.

Authors/reference	Year of publication	Description/synopsis	Remarks
P. Gopi, and P. L. Reddy2,25	2015 and 2016	The coefficients of the LFC controller were acquired by the use of heuristic techniques such as Pattern search, Ant colony optimization, and Simulink design optimization The outcomes of the suggested LFC controller are contrasted with those of the standard PID controller	Simulation results were only addressed for a 10% change in the system's nominal parameters The porpoising aspect of the suggested PID controllers is not explored
M. R. Sathya, and M. M. T. Ansari9	2015	Developed a novel PID controller for LFC using nature inspired algorithm called Bat algorithm It has been shown that the suggested controller is less sensitive to variations in system parameters	The porpoising behavior of the proposed controller has not been discussed The impact of control actions on the system's response is not addressed
M. A. Ebrahim et al.7	2017	This work suggests the use of both I and PID controllers for LFC and AVR by using different variants of PSO The efficacy of the suggested PSO-based controllers for both small and large load disturbances in the presence of GRC is shown by a thorough comparison
C. N. Sai Kalyan et al.12	2022	This research uses the Falcon Optimization Algorithm, a population-based search technique To improve system performance further, an AC line and a DC line are added in parallel to transfer bulk power during significant disruptions
A. Kumar et al.14	2022	This research examined the effectiveness of the quasi-oppositional harmony search algorithm based on predictive control in reducing frequency error
Q. J. Fu et al.17	2022	The load frequency issue of the two area interconnected power systems using solar and wind energy is covered
M. H. N. Aliffrananda et al.21	2022	This research investigates the mechanism of porpoising and the factors that affect its occurrence	The reasons for the porpoising behavior were not specified
J. Liu, and F. Tian22	2023	The dynamics model of seaplane movements on the water's surface was created in this work, and a technique for simulating and evaluating seaplane porpoising was suggested
L. Zan et al.24	2023	This research examines the porpoising phenomena seen in a tunnel-type planing trimaran. The porpoising effect is detected using the longitudinal stability limit curve
A. E. Khalil et al.15	2023	It suggests a novel multi-objective tuning technique to enhance isolated micro-grid LFC	No information about porpoising feature
D. K. Sambariya et al.26	2023	Using the Fire Fly Algorithm, create the ideal load frequency controller for a single area system	There has been no debate regarding the porpoising behavior of the suggested controller There is no discussion of how control actions affect the system response (process variable)
Y. Güler and I. Kaya27	2023	Designed PI-PD controllers for a single-area, single- or multi-source power system's LFC The weighted geometric centre approach was used to determine the PI–PD controller parameters The effectiveness and robustness of the suggested PI–PD control system are assessed by taking into account the power system with nominal values as well as fluctuations in the system parameters