Table 2.

Summary of CAAE and CVAE etiologies.

CAAE etiologies	CVAE etiologies
Paradoxical embolization from the venous system (10)	Central venous catheter placement, malfunction, or removal (7, 10, 11)
Percutaneous lung needle biopsy (12)	Neurosurgical procedures (13)
Chest, head, and neck trauma (14, 15)	Head and neck trauma
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (16)	Hydrogen peroxide irrigation during surgery (17–19)
Positive pressure ventilation (20)	Hemodialysis (21–23)
Mechanical thrombectomy (24)
Cardiac catheterization and cardioverter placement (21)
Cardiopulmonary bypass (25)
Arterial line flushing (26)
Hemodialysis (27)
Bronchoscopy (28)
Gastrointestinal endoscopy (29)
Diving barotrauma (30)

Described etiologies of CAAE and CVAE with corresponding case reports and case studies.