Table 2. Summary of pharmacologic treatments for diversion colitis and pouchitis 2.

Treatment	Ref	Complications/Main side effects	Special points at issue
Surgical anastomosis	[2, 3, 4, 21, 22]	Bleeding, infection, anastomotic leak, anastomotic stricture, anesthetic risks.	Because a differential diagnosis can be difficult, IBD may be reactivated, requiring futher treatment.
Corticosteroids	[23, 24]	Local pain and burning, occasionnally rectal bleeding.Prolonged treatment may result in systemic absorption, causing systemic side effects.	One of the first-line agents for symptomatic diversion colitis, with varying effectivenes.
Short-chain-fatty acids (SCFAs)	[10, 26, 28,29,30]	None.	One of the expensive pharmacologic treatment options.
5-aminosalicylic acid (5ASA) enemas	[31,32,33]	Occasionally produces acute intolerance manifested by cramping, acute abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, fever, headche, and rash.	For mild to moderrate proctitis, proctosigmoiditis, or distal colitis.
Irrigation with Fibers	[35, 36]	Probably none.	Only one study showed role of treatment in the preoperative management of colostomy.
Leukocytapheresis	[37]	The common side effects are nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, and nasal obstruction.	Only a case report, few serious side effects but expensive, good treatment for elderly patients.
Autologous fecal transplantation	[55,56,57,58,59]	None, patient’s tolerance is required.	Safe and inexpensive, patient’s motivation needed.
Dextrose (hypertonic glucose) spray	[7]	It has a very low chance of causing transient hyperglycemia because there is no direct injection of the hypertonic solution into blood vessels.	Only a case report, safe and inexpensive, this treatment has a potential for the side effect of bleeding.
Infliximab	[42]	Infliximab may cause not only common side effects but also serious side effects including infections.	Only a case report, the results in this case should be interpreted with caution because intravenous prednisolone was used with infliximab, and it is difficult to estimate the effect of therapy with infliximab alone.
Elemental diet	[45]	None.	Onset of effects was relatively slow.
Probiotics	[50, 51]	None.	A prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study, safe and effective.
Coconut oil	[52]	No adverse events.	Only a case report, safe and inexpensive.

IBD: inflammatory bowel disease.