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The metabolic reprogramming distinctly occurs in cancer cells compared to normal cells. Normal cells depend on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for glucose metabolism (right panel). In contrast, cancer cells (left panel) convert glucose to lactate in cytoplasm for ATP synthesis. In addition, cancer cells increase their glucose and glutamine uptake to generate more metabolic intermediates to support anabolic pathways for amino acid, nucleotide and lipid biosynthesis.
