TABLE 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Study (year) | Country | Sample size (n) | Sex (M/F) | Age mean (SD) year | K-L grade | VR equipment | Degree of immersion | Duration of rehabilitation | Number of treatments | Treatment time(min) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lin et al. (2020) | China | EG: 40 | EG: 16/24 | EG: 55.9 (15.8) | ≥2 | Hot Plus system | Non-immersive | 4 weeks | 3/week | 20 | WOMAC, Chronic Pain Scale |
| CG: 40 | CG: 23/17 | CG: 58.1 (16.9) | |||||||||
| Nambi et al. (2020) | Saudi Arabia | EG: 20 | NA | EG: 22.8 (1.3) | 2–3 | Pro-Kin system | Immersive | 4 weeks | 2/week | 20 | VAS, WOMAC |
| CG: 20 | CG: 22.6 (1.4) | ||||||||||
| Mete and Sari (2022) | Turkey | EG: 30 | EG: 6/24 | EG: 59.5 (7.0) | 2–3 | MarVAJED® | Immersive | 6 weeks | 5/week | 20 | VAS, WOMAC |
| CG: 30 | CG: 7/23 | CG: 57.7 (10.9) | |||||||||
| Ozlu et al. (2023) | Turkey | EG: 35 | EG: 18/17 | EG: 53.28 (10.42) | 2–3 | the Quest 128 GB type of Oculus brand | Immersive | 3 weeks | 5/week | 15 | VAS, WOMAC |
| CG: 38 | CG: 12/26 | CG: 53.71 (9.65) | |||||||||
| Kim et al. (2017) | Korea | EG: 15 | EG: 7/8 | EG: 76.5 (8.8) | NA | Shinhwa, MX-0004SE | Non-immersive | 8 weeks | 3/week | 15 | Muscle strength |
| CG: 15 | CG: 5/10 | CG: 77.7 (7.9) | |||||||||
| Lin et al. (2022) | China | EG: 20 | EG: 1/19 | EG: 75.6 (4.4) | 2 | CRE system and LabVIEW software | Non-immersive | 12 weeks | 2/week | 30 | WOAMC, Muscle strength |
| CG: 18 | CG: 2/16 | CG: 76.0 (5.6) | |||||||||
| Lin et al. (2007) | China | EG: 29 | EG: 9/20 | EG: 61.6 (8.1) | ≤3 | Acer system | Non-immersive | 8 weeks | 3/week | 40 | WOMAC, Muscle strength |
| CG: 26 | CG: 5/21 | CG: 61.0 (7.7) | |||||||||
| Abdelazeem et al. (2016) | Saudi Arabia | EG: 20 | NA | EG: 58 (6.0) | 2–3 | Xbox 360 with Kinetic Sensor | Immersive | 8 weeks | 3/week | 15 | VAS, WOMAC |
| CG: 20 | CG: 59 (7.0) | ||||||||||
| Oliveira et al. (2024) | Brazilian | EG: 20 | EG: 6/14 | EG: 62.35 (7.39) | 2–4 | Xbox 360 with Kinetic Sensor | Non-immersive | 8 weeks | 2/week | 20 | VAS, WOMAC |
| CG: 20 | CG: 3/17 | CG: 62.60 (8.62) |
EG, experimental group; CG, control group; NA, not available; K-L grade, Kellgren-Lawrence Grade; SD, standard deviation; VAS, visual analogue scale; WOMAC, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; 10MWT., 10-m walk test; MMT, manual muscle test.